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2012 Issue 4 (Total No. 0)
Published: 15 July 2012 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The improvement of the reform 一 Comment and Suggestion on Civil Procedure Law Amendment (Draft) ZHAO Jie 2012(4): 1-4.  Abstract ( )   PDF (619KB) ( )   Although there are some modifications regarding forensic appraisal in Civil Procedure Law Amendment (Draft) of the People，s Republic of China, they are not enough. Considering the problems of appraisal conclusions in judicial practice, we can not help but doubt the ability of the Amendment to resolve these problems. Some problems cannot be sidestepped or delayed. Therefore it，s necessary to make further modifications in the Amendment. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Interpretation of Forensic Appraisers Regarding Appraisal Items LUAN Shi-chun, ZHANG Ming-ze 2012(4): 5-9.  Abstract ( )   PDF (669KB) ( )   In practice, clients asking for forensic appraisal need not only the opinions of forensic appraisers, but also the interpretation of forensic appraisers on some issues in forensic appraisal. This article defines the content, the characteristics, the basis, the limit and the manner of the interpretation, and puts forward suggestions to improve the present situation of interpretation by forensic appraisers. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Thinking on Improvement of the Forensic Science System LI Yu 2012(4): 10-12.  Abstract ( )   PDF (422KB) ( )   The new Criminal Procedural Law has provided rules for some issues in forensic expertise, such as the safety protection of forensic examiners, court testimony of forensic examiners, court assistance of persons with special knowledge and so on. This will have positive impact on forensic expertise management, and at the same time, will raise challenges. Accordingly, some suggestions are put forward to tackle the problems that may arise with the implementation of the new Criminal Procedural Law. Related Articles | Metrics

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Head space SPME sampling and vacuum outlet GC-MS for the non-invasive detection of organic explosives at the crime scene Anthi Schoina, Tim Pacqué, Jan Dalmolen, Mattijs Koeberg, Arian van Asten, Jaap de Zeeuw, Scott Grossman 2012(4): 13-21.  Abstract ( )   PDF (104KB) ( )   The suitability of head space SPME (solid phase micro extraction) sampling for non-invasive detection of organic explosives at the crime scene is demonstrated. Vacuum outlet GC -MS is used for the analysis of the organic explosives materials absorbed on the SPME fiber. With this method low elution temperatures and short run times are achieved. Efficient SPME sampling is restricted to volatile and semi volatile organic explosives with vapor pressures equal to or higher than TNT (2,4,6 -trinitrotoluene ). The methodology is very suited for the non -invasive detection of the relatively volatile and instable compound TATP (triacetone-triperoxide ). This work shows that the realization of a static head space with a minimized volume provides optimal sensitivity. Sensitivity is also strongly affected by the ambient temperature at the crime scene. At given volume and sampling time the amount absorbed at the SPME fiber increases with temperature due to non -equilibrium effects. With appropriate containers and holders, SPME fibers can be effectively analyzed up to 3 days after sampling. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction and Analysis of Dynamic Features of Static Signature on Paper CHEN Xiao-hong, JIA Yu-wen, YANG Xu, XU Che, CUI Lan, BIAN Xin-wei], LUO Yi-wen 2012(4): 28-30.  Abstract ( )   PDF (681KB) ( )   This study built up a signatures dataset and imported signatures on paper into the computer. By extracting and analyzing the dynamic data of strokes)width, grayscale and radian of signatures, the regularities of these dynamic data were studied and an effective method to distinguish original signatures from forgery ones was found out. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discuss on Forensic Digital Image Enhancement And Restoration Common Methods ZHANG Da-zhi 2012(4): 31-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1692KB) ( )   This text discuss on the forensic digital image enhancement and restoration, including problem analysis and evaluation & noise reducing & detail enhancement & interference background reducing & blurred image restoration and surveillant video frame rebuilding., summarizing and giving the common methods and tactics. Related Articles | Metrics

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LR models for evidence evaluation Annabel Bolck , Reinoud D. Stoel, Ivo Alberink & Marjan Sjerps 2012(4): 37-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2229KB) ( )   This paper describes how Likelihood Ratios (LRs) can be used to measure the strength of evidence in forensic science. It explains why forensic experts cannot answer ultimate questions such as: "Who did it?", but can instead provide measures of the strength of evidence. This is followed by a short state of the art overview of currently developed LR models including a description of problems that are not yet completely solved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Microanalysis of Invasive Traumas P.D. Zoon, R.R.R. Gerretsen, S.B.C.G. Chang, I. Keereweer, R. Pieterman, E.J. Vermeij Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) 2012(4): 63-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1756KB) ( )   This paper outlines the multi -disciplinary approach in which, forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologists, toolmark and microtrace experts at the Netherlands Forensic Institute work together to link observed injuries to a suspected weapon or, in case of an unknown weapon, to indicate a group of objects which may have served as a weapon. The multi-disciplinary method is illustrated with a case example. Results from the different disciplines are complementary and can be combined to reach a conclusion with a stronger probative value. This is not only useful in the courtroom but above all, in criminal investigations to direct and refine the search for a probable weapon. Related Articles | Metrics

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The analysis of Chimeric STR profiles in two paternity cases Yan Liu, Zhen-min Zhao, Yuan Lin 2012(4): 77-84.  Abstract ( )   PDF (591KB) ( )   A congenital chimera is an organism possessing two genetically distinct cell lines either in the whole body or limited to the haemopoietic tissues. This paper described two paternity cases in which blood samples from two externally normal alleged fathers showed abnormal STR profiles that more than two alleles were assigned at one locus. To clarify the chimeric form or origin and evaluate its consequence for forensic purpose, other tissue samples of the two alleged fathers, including hair follicles, buccal mucosa, semen and urine, as well as their family member's blood samples were additionally asked to be submitted. The autosomal STR profiles from all samples of both males revealed the presence of two maternal and paternal alleles at some loci, indicating they were “whole body chimera" derived from the fertilization of two maternal nuclei and paternal sperms. The chimeric male in case 1 might be form from the merging of male-female dizygotic twins due to paternal X alleles showing on his X-STR profile. whereas the other chimeric male in case 2 might be from the merging of male-male twins due to double maternal X alleles existing on his STR profile. Y -STR profiles of the both chimeric males showed normal and consistent with their male family members. Different allelic imbalances (<50-70%) were observed in different kinds of tissue samples. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the Correct Application of DNA Evidence LIANG Quan-zeng, TIAN Ye, SHI Mei-sen 2012(4): 86-99.  Abstract ( )   PDF (692KB) ( )   A logical chain for applying DNA evidence correctly is constructed in order to prevent DNA evidence from being misinterpreted and wrongly used, to distinguishing the rights and responsibilities clearly between forensic scientists and judges, as well as to guarantee the accuracy of fact -finding and the fairness of judicial adjudication. By means of probability and statistics, the necessity and rationality of transforming “evidence matches the accused（ to ）the accused is the source of evidence （are suggested, and a preliminary idea to achieve this logic transformation is put forward. In addition, the major DNA evidence interpretation methods in China are classified and evaluated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Method of RAM Investigation Based on Volatility LUO Wen-hua, TANG Yan-jun 2012(4): 90-93.  Abstract ( )   PDF (715KB) ( )   With the development of anti-forensics technology，it is more difficult to seek for valuable evidence or clues for investigators. Therefor，the research on RAM investigation has become a focus in the field of computer forensics. Based on open source software Volatility，which is used to investigate into RAM， this paper introduces The investigation mothod for RAM from the aspects of process and DLL， RAM and VAD， driver and kernel object， net connection， and registry. This paper also introduces the specific applications of the method introduced with actual examples. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of Approaches to E-mail Authentication LI Yan, SHI Shao-pei, YANG Xu, BIAN Xin-wei, CHEN Xiao-hong, LU Qi-meng, 2012(4): 94-99.  Abstract ( )   PDF (815KB) ( )   Electronic data has been confirmed as a new kind of independent evidence in the new Criminal Procedure Law in 2012. Since it is easy to copy and modify, electronic data usually requires the support of forensic authentication before it can be used as evidence. Research on forensic science of electronic data starts late in our country and the construction of the technique system has not been completed yet. This paper, based on the experience in practice, analyzes and sums up the methods of E-mail authentication, aiming to enhance the technological communication and promote the practical application of scientific research. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Electronic Data Examination in an Economic Dispute Case CHANG Bin 2012(4): 100-103.  Abstract ( )   PDF (948KB) ( )   The information technology is developing quickly, and the complexity and comprehensiveness of computer forensics is becoming more and more prominent. Based on an economic dispute case, this paper presents the whole process of examining a commercial computer system of an involved company. The main techniques introduced include commercial management software analysis, RAID reconstruction and database analysis. This is a typical case in this kind of forensic work. Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors Affecting the Visualization of Latent Fingerprint and Countermeasures QIAN Huang-gui 2012(4): 104-106.  Abstract ( )   PDF (412KB) ( )   Latent fingerprints are the invisible fingerprints which can be visualized only by some special methods. The visualizing effect of latent fingerprints on paper is influenced by many factors, such as the modeling subject and its force magnitude, paper condition and its quality, deposit time and environment condition, etc. In the practice work, to get a good visualizing effect of latent fingerprints, the suitable visualization method ought to be chosen on the premise that the sample)s properties have been thoroughly understood. The basic principle of visualization is to use the non-invasive method before other method that could spoil the sample. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Metallographic Structure Analysis of the Secondary Short Circuit-Caused Melted Trace Based on Digital Image Technology #br# MO Shan-jun, PENG Wen-jing, LONG Yu-tao 2012(4): 107-111.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2948KB) ( )   Taking the microstructure of secondary short circuit inelectrical fire for example, this paper introduced how to utilize the gray-scale characteristics of constituent elements in microscopicimages with digital image technologies,such as image filtering, image segmentation and contour extraction, to preprocess the miclostructure images and then get the separation figures of the lattice and holes. Based on the system composition and the stereoscopy method, the microstructure wolume density, the suface area density and other stereology parameters were measured and analyzed bythe computer. This study provides the reliable technical support and basic data for the research of the relationship between thessecondary short circuit microstructure and the melted trace property. Related Articles | Metrics

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Error Analysis of Polygraph Testing WANG Pan-feng, FAN Gang 2012(4): 112-115.  Abstract ( )   PDF (659KB) ( )   The error sources of polygraph testing mainly come from three relatively independent aspects: the subject， question-editing and implementation. The weight of random error and systematic error are different. Personalized and dynamic measuring ，scientific question editing，appropriate pre-test interviewing，and dynamic，holistic and multi -factors evaluating can effectively improve the accuracy of the test. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and identification of the Designed Signature PANXi 2012(4): 116-119.  Abstract ( )   PDF (677KB) ( )   As a special type of signatures, the designed signature has its peculiar writing rules and stroke features. The identification of the designed signature should not only follow the general handwriting comparison standards, but also attach importance to and analyze the specific characteristics of the designed signature. By evaluating the quantity and quality of signature characteristics such as the designer, the signature usage, the writing condition and so on, a comprehensive reasoning approach, which is accords with the writing habits of the designed signature, could be formed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Medical Examination of Action Manners of Victims in Road Traffic Accidents ZHAO Li-ping, HONG Shi'un, XIONG Ya-min, REN Li, YANG Ron, JIAO Fu-yuan, HAN Xiao-hua, GAN Jian-jun, 2012(4): 120-123.  Abstract ( )   PDF (499KB) ( )   Objective To discuss the methods of identifying the action manners of victims in road traffic accidents. Method 28 cases of the identification of victims * action manners in road traffic accidents were collected. The general status of the individual, the degree of injury, the type of collision in road traffic accident, and the forensic techniques which were adopted in these cases were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results There were 57 victims involved in 28 cases of road traffic accidents, including 27 dead, 29 injured, and 1 uninjuried. The degrees of injury were as follow: 10 cases of slight injury (34.5%), 8 cases of minor injury (27.6%), and 11 cases of severe injury (37.9%). As to the type of collision, 11 cases were between automobiles (39.3%), 5 cases were between electric-bicycle and automobile (17.8%), 1 case was between car and bicycle (3.6 %), 7 cases were between automobile and immovable object (25.0%), and 4 cases were between automobile and pedestrian (14.3%). The action manners of victims identified were as follows: the driver and the passengers (16 cases, 57.1%), the motorcyclist and the passenger (1 case, 3.6%), the electric-bicyclist and the passenger (5 cases, 17.8%), the bicyclist pushing and bicyclist riding (1case, 3.6%), the motorcyclist pushing and motorcyclist riding (1 case, 3.6%), pedestrian crossing road (4 cases, 4.3%). The techniques adopted were forensic clinical examination, forensic corpse surface examination, vehicle trace examination, forensic DNA analysis, and simulation experiments. Conclusion The basic approach of identifying action manners of victims in road traffic accidents is to analyze the injury objects and the injury manner, according to the morphological characteristics of injuries, the result of vehicle trace examination and the information of the specific road traffic accident. Then, the process of a road traffic accident could be reconstructed. As a result, the judgment whether or not the action manner of the victim is accorded with a specific manner of action could be obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Medical Examination of Injury Manners of Metacarpal Fracture with Analysis of 27 Cases WANG Fei-xiang, XIA Wen-tao, CHENG Yi-bin- YING Yun-liang 2012(4): 124-127.  Abstract ( )   PDF (657KB) ( )   Objective To explore the formation mechanism of metacarpal fractures in different parts, and to provide reference for injury manner identification of metacarpal fractures. Method 27 patients with clear manner of metacarpal fracture injury were analyzed retrospectively, and data are classified statistically. Results The fifth metacarpal fracture is the most common fracture in all metacarpal bones. The base of metacarpal bone is the most frequent part to fracture, which is generally caused by indirect violence. Followed is the metacarpal neck fracture, which is generally caused by direct violence in attacks and traumas. Metacarpal head fracture is usual in a fist fight under the direct result of violence. Transverse or comminuted metacarpal body fracture is caused by direct physical violence. Oblique or spiral fracture is mostly caused by rotary violence. Conclusion According to the metacarpal fracture location and nature, by analyzing the formation mechanism of fracture, the injury manner could be inferred and used as evidence in forensic medical examination. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Detection and Application of Repairing Marks of Vehicles in Hit-and-Run Cases HA Xiao-ling, HUA. Xiao-da, LIU Wei-pin 2012(4): 128-131.  Abstract ( )   PDF (986KB) ( )   Cases of escape from traffic accidents are normally complicated. Due to limited clues，backward techniques and low efficiency，the investigation of hit-and-run case is a tough job to traffic control departments both at home and abroad，especially when the suspected vehicles have been repaired after escaping. Therefore，finding out， analyzing and verifying the repairing marks are important for identifying the vehicle which caused the traffic accident and ascertaining corresponding responsibilities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Crime Scene Processing Technology  DONG Ya-mei, WANG Jie-qiu 2012(4): 132-135.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2538KB) ( )   With the development of science and technology ,3D information and 3D virtual reality animation have been appearing in the vision of human beings more and more frequently. In order to reduce the processing time of 3D data acquisition and improve the efficiency, some public security offices have applied 3D virtual technology to the crime scene data acquisition. This paper focuses on developing a set of 3D production platform including 1D, 2D, 3D information, roaming systems and 3D simulation animation, and discusses how to apply it to the investigation of cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship between Truck's Roll-over and Overload and Modification FU He-ping 2012(4): 136-140.  Abstract ( )   PDF (760KB) ( )   Unauthorized truck modification and overloading always result in road traffic accidents. Based on the data from a real truck roll-over accident, this paper calculated the centroid of the loaded truck, analyzed the roll-over mechanism, and obtained the relationship between the overloading weight and the stability of the loaded truck. In conclusion, it is determined that lengthening the truck and overloading make the centroid lift up and move backwards, and eventually cause the roll-over of the truck. Related Articles | Metrics