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2026 Issue 2 (Total No. 145)
Published: 15 March 2026 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Forensic System
Special Topic Discussion: New Quality Productive Forces Empower Multi-Scenario Applications in Foren
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Getting to the Root and Clarifying the Origin of Forensic Science HE Jiahong, HE Ran 2026(2): 1-8.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1316KB) ( )   To build an autonomous knowledge system with Chinese characteristics, we must dig out and carry forward the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and take the identifying concepts as the basis to form an original theoretical system. Forensic science is originated in China, developed in Europe and America, and prevailed in the world. Song Ci’s Collected Cases of Washing-away Wrongs is the earliest work of forensic science in the world. In Chinese，“fa-ting science”is a loanword, and an inaccurate translation for forensic science. However,it has been used widely in China, from academic research to discipline construction, with the suspicion of abuse. Therefore, we should use “si-fa science” instead of “fa-ting science”, and build on this basis an autonomous knowledge system of forensic science with Chinese characteristics, including the theoretical system and the discourse system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rethinking and Advancement of Reappraisal Opinion Replacement Model YU Xiaohang 2026(2): 9-18.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1413KB) ( )    Five years after the promulgation and implementation of the Provisions by the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Procedures, the civil reappraisal procedure underwent significant changes. Following the amendment of the law, the reappraisal opinion was granted the procedural effect of mandatory exclusion of the original appraisal opinion, shifting from “weighing mode” to “substitution mode”. The “reappraisal provisions” have been integrated into the core provisions of relief procedures, including correction, supplementary questioning, re-questioning, and supplemental appraisal, presenting a new pattern while also facing issues of unclear connotations and extensions. Over the past five years of judicial practice, it has exposed a series of new problems and persistent issues, such as generalized application of appraisal relief procedures and obstacles to reappraisal. To address the aftermath of these transitions, we should begin by examining the operation of the reappraisal process, under the “substitution mode”  such as the nested procedural provisions, the unclear level of review, system cost considerations, and other underlying reasons. Finally, we should propose diverse solutions to the practical dilemmas of the “substitution mode”, aiming to shift the focus from “back-end passive alternative” to “front-end active participation” to compensate for the shortcomings of the “substitution mode” at the front end. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Special Topic Discussion: New Quality Productive Forces Empower Multi-Scenario Applications in Foren

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Intelligent and Collaborative Innovation Pathways for the Integrated Development of Forensic Appraisal and Notarization Industry YANG Kai 2026(2): 19-26.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1229KB) ( )   The breakthrough development of generative artificial intelligence technology poses challenges to the integration of professional skills, technology costs, data security, coordination of legal rules, and modernization of civil judicial procedures in the modern legal service industry, indicating the imminent practice of the integrated development and modernization of the forensic appraisal and notarization industry. The construction of a modern public legal service system inevitably involves issues such as integrated development, collaborative innovation, technological innovation, talent cultivation, data protection mechanisms, and the application of law, so as to enhance the adaptability of institutional systems and the operation of mechanisms. Exploring the integrated and innovative development of service products and service content in the forensic appraisal and notarization industry in the era of artificial intelligence requires the efficient integration of legal service resources and technological empowerment to construct an integrated development and collaborative innovation service mode of “one-stop” public legal services throughout the whole life cycle. Additionally, at the theoretical level, this approach adheres to the economic principles of resource sharing and complementary advantages, strengthens the in-depth application of information technology, and reinforces the scientific support of interdisciplinary and cross-industry cooperation, thereby enhancing the quality, effectiveness, and credibility of legal services and improving the public’s perception, recognition, and satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Current Application Status and Digital-Intelligent Transformation of Forensic Appraisal Technology from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces WANG Xiao, SUN Jiani, HAO Hongxia 2026(2): 27-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1327KB) ( )   New quality productive forces, with computing power as the core, have made certain progress in the field of forensic appraisal in China, but there are still problems and challenges in its application, including insufficient data sharing, low algorithm transparency, and limited infrastructure construction of appraisal institutions. Accordingly, this study analyzes the application status of computing power in China’s forensic appraisal field using a scientific knowledge graph constructed in PyCharm, an integrated development environment based on Python. The study focuses on exploring the important role of computing power in forensic identification, physical evidence, audio-visual materials, and electronic data appraisal. It reveals the technological trends in forensic appraisal research and the evolution of high-performance computing and artificial intelligence algorithms in this field. Then, it extracts the “three-step” process for the digital and intelligent transformation of forensic appraisal. By analyzing the typical characteristics of each stage, reasonable quantitative evaluation indicators are set, and a theoretical framework for the digital and intelligent transformation of forensic appraisal is constructed. The analysis results indicate that computing power plays an important role in improving the efficiency and accuracy of forensic appraisal. Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, big data, and quantum computing are expected to change the practices of forensic appraisal, enhance its fairness and credibility, and accelerate the digital-intelligent transformation of the field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study of AI-Synthesized Speech and Natural Speech LIAO Fangling, CHEN Manqing, CHEN Shengxiang, GUO Yuhang, YANG Yingcang, MU Fan 2026(2): 38-45.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1694KB) ( )   Objective With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI)-synthesized speech technology, its detectability in forensic appraisal has become a key issue. This study systematically analyzes the differential features between AI-synthesized speech and natural speech through a two-dimensional comparative study of auditory perception and acoustic quantification, thereby providing an effective reference for the identification, prevention, inspection, and appraisal of synthesized speech in judicial practice. Methods In the auditory test, the Likert-type Scale was used to rate the consistency between natural speech and synthesized speech. Acoustic tests were conducted by extracting feature parameters such as fundamental frequency, formants, sound intensity, and duration using the Praat speech analysis software. Combined with SPSS 27 statistical analysis software, a paired-sample t-test was conducted to quantify the differences between natural speech and synthesized speech. Results Compared with natural speech, AI-synthesized speech exhibited poorer performance in terms of auditory features such as monosyllabic integrity, retroflex features, stress, speech rate, and fluency. Statistical analysis of the acoustic testing showed that there were significant differences in fundamental frequency and formants, while sound intensity and duration showed no significant differences. Conclusion The combined application of “human ear preliminary screening” and acoustic quantification two-dimensional testing techniques in forensic appraisal can effectively distinguish AI-synthesized speech from natural speech, providing technical support for the inspection and appraisal of AI-synthesized speech. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification of Rib Fracture Formation Time Using Deep Learning Models Based on 2.5D Technology SUN Yaning, YU Xiaoying, SHENG Yanliang, WAN Lei, XIA Wentao 2026(2): 46-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1638KB) ( )   Objective Based on 2.5D deep learning technology, chest computed tomography （CT） images are used to assist forensic estimation of the time interval of rib fracture injury formation. Methods A total of 331 patients with rib fractures accepted by the Academy of Forensic Science between 2017 and 2024 were enrolled, and 1 290 CT images of rib fractures obtained from the day of injury to 90 days post-injury were included in the dataset. Among them, 464 fractures had an injury formation time ≤21 days and 826 had an injury formation time > 21-90 days. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and test sets at an approximately ratio of 7∶2∶1. After ex-tracting rib fracture regions of interest (ROI) using a segmentation model, the slice with the largest area was taken as the center. Two adjacent slices anterior and posterior to this reference were selected to form a five-slice stack. These slices were merged into a five-channel ResNet-101 deep learning model. The model’s performance on the classification task of rib fracture injury formation time interval was evaluated using indicators including area under the curve, accuracy. Results In the test set, the model achieved an area under the curve of 0.88, an accuracy of 81.54%. Conclusion The deep learning model based on 2.5D technology demonstrates good application potential in determining the time of rib fracture injury formation, effectively integrating multi-slice feature information, and can provide an objective and quantitative method for forensic clinical appraisal. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study on the Application and Development of New-Generation Artificial Intelligence Including Generative Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Appraisal LI Bing, CUI Hangyuan, YI Lijin 2026(2): 53-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1576KB) ( )   With the continuous development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the application of the “AI + forensic appraisal” model has gradually become more mature and widespread. Recently, the new quality productive forces, represented by generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), have been driving a new round of innovation and transformation in the field of forensic appraisal. By reviewing the development history and policy guidance of GenAI, this study analyzed its application practices, risk constraints, and related legal issues in the field of forensic appraisal from multiple perspectives. Furthermore, to explore the feasibility of applying new-generation AI technology in the field of forensic appraisal, the study conducted an experimental analysis using a representative AI model as an example. By integrating the above research findings, the study provides insights and recommendations for the new development trends of the “AI + forensic appraisal” model. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Self-Revocation of Appraisal Opinion in Civil Procedure: Reflections Based on Article 42 of the Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures MAO Shuling, BAI Yiwei 2026(2): 62-68.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1253KB) ( )   In 2019, China revised the Provisions by the Supreme People’s Court on  Evidence in Civil Procedures, and for the first time responded to the issue of “self-revocation of expert opinions” in Article 42. However, the provisions of this law are very weak, unable to provide effective guidance for the work of judicial departments, nor can it eliminate scholars’ disputes over whether appraisal opinions can be self-revoked. Based on this, for the issue of choosing or rejecting appraisal opinions, strict review and judgment should be made in accordance with the rules of evidence. The nature of the act of self-revocation of appraisal opinions should in principle be defined within the category of being invalid from the very beginning. The issue of revocation of appraisal opinions should be regulated with “non-revocation as the principle and revocation as an exception”. Meanwhile, at the current stage, laws and regulations should regulate on the circumstance of appraisal opinions revocation, provide a complete procedural solution path for courts to handle the situation where appraisal opinions are revoked in practice, and enable the issue of self-revocation of appraisal opinions to gradually mature in the development of practice and return to the field of evidence rules. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Judicial Application of Specialized Review Opinions on Technical Evidence by Procuratorial Organs YANG Yuze, SHEN Hongwei 2026(2): 69-79.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1473KB) ( )   Criminal proceedings in the digital age must address an increasing number of issues involving specialized technical fields. The proper application of specialized review opinions on technical evidence benefits both the enhancement of evidence proof capabilities of the  procuratorial organs and the improvement of factual accuracy in case determinations by courts. However, the nature of evidence of these opinions lacks legislative confirmation, rendering their judicial application legally unstable. From the perspective of evidence law, recognizing their nature as evidence aligns with their intrinsic attributes and follows a tripartite logic: adhering to technical specificity, reducing evaluation risks, and strengthening supervisory functions. Judicial practice should prioritize constructing review rules to avoid superficial court examination under the misrepresentation of “knowledge-power” discourse. The specific points can be focusing on evidence categorization, case file transfer and access, cross-examination of personnel, and evaluation standards, which can contribute to refining China’s criminal evidence framework and advancing the modernization of the rule of law with Chinese characteristics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Examination and Reflection on Quality Control of Forensic Science Laboratories in China HE Xiaodan 2026(2): 80-88.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1342KB) ( )   Quality management is widely adopted in the field of forensic science worldwide to enhance the reliability of appraisal opinions. The quality control of forensic science laboratories in China faces multiple institutional constraints, which not only control the quality of appraisal opinions but also constrain, to some extent, the generation of appraisal opinions and the resolution of specialized issues. The fundamental purpose of quality “control” is to promote the admissibility of appraisal opinions. In the process of quality “control”, it is necessary to be vigilant against being trapped in the mold of mechanization and inertia thinking. The quality control of forensic science laboratories in China requires a paradigm shift, returning to the essence of quality control centered on “ability”, supplementing the lack of specific standards with general principles of method validation, and moving towards a more resilient quality control system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Examination and Judgment of Appraisal Opinions in the Medical Malpractice Crime XIAO Ping, HU Junjie 2026(2): 89-97.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1259KB) ( )   In the medical malpractice crime, appraisal opinions, which are widely used as scientific evidence, play a pivotal role in the determination of facts such as the constitutive elements of the crime. However, in judicial practice, the current mechanism for reviewing appraisal opinions tends to be formalized and passive. The theoretical differences in identifying “seriously irresponsible” and the substantive review of scientific issues have become two major problems in the review of appraisal opinions, and the review of different types of appraisal opinions also lacks a differentiation mechanism. By increasing the responsibility of investigation and prosecution organs for preliminary review, strengthening the substantive review in the trial stage from the perspectives of review standards, professionals, and identification models, and distinguishing between various types of appraisal opinions on the basis of the “dualistic” appraisal mechanism in the medical malpractice crime, it is possible to effectively break through the existing dilemma of reviewing appraisal opinions in this area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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White Paper on 20 Years of Proficiency Testing at the Academy of Forensic Science WANG Jie, FAN Ying, SHEN Hanjian, FANG Jianxin, SHU Guohua 2026(2): 98-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2026.02.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1608KB) ( )   Proficiency testing is an internationally recognized and essential technical approach for monitoring and evaluating laboratory quality. The advancement of forensic identification proficiency testing in China has been driven by the synergistic development of the certification and accreditation system and the development of the rule of law. As one of the earliest institutions accredited as a proficiency testing provider in the field of forensic identification in China, the Academy of Forensic Science has continuously organized and conducted proficiency testing activities within the industry for over two decades since 2005, establishing the most influential brand of forensic identification proficiency testing. Significant achievements have been made in program design, project development, service scalability, implementation methods, evaluation results, and platform operation and construction. Full coverage has been achieved across three major professional fields in forensic identification, with services extending nationwide. The effective implementation of proficiency testing has played a positive role in promoting forensic institutions, government supervision, industry advancement, and the certification and accreditation system. Through a comprehensive review of the 20-year development of proficiency testing at the Academy of Forensic Science, this paper presents integrated recommendations for the future innovation and development of proficiency testing . Related Articles | Metrics