主管：中华人民共和国司法部
主办：司法鉴定科学研究院
ISSN 1671-2072  CN 31-1863/N
中国司法鉴定

中国司法鉴定 ›› 2023 ›› Issue (3): 1-8.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2023.03.001

• 专题研讨：鉴定意见可靠性与证据分析 •    下一篇

法庭科学/司法鉴定意见的可靠性问题研究

王 旭1，2，3，张洺睿1，2，3   

  1. 1.中国政法大学 证据科学教育部重点实验室，北京 100088； 2.中国政法大学 重罪检察证据分析研究基地，北京100088； 3.中国政法大学 法庭科学标准研究中心，北京100088
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-15 出版日期:2023-05-15 发布日期:2023-05-16
  • 作者简介:王旭（1968—），女，教授，主任法医师，硕士研究生导师，主要从事法庭科学/司法鉴定教学、科研、鉴定工作。E-mail:xuw01@cupl.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    教育部人文社会科学规划项目（2022-22YJA820022）；司法部司法行政（法律服务）案例理论委托课题（2022）；上海市现场物证重点实验室开放课题（2017XCWZK19）；司法部司法鉴定重点实验室开放课题（KF202322）。

Study on the Reliability of Forensic Science / Forensic Appraisal Opinions

WANG Xu1,2,3，ZHANG Mingrui1,2,3   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education， China University of Political Science and Law， Beijing 100088, China; 2. Procuratorial Evidence Research Center on Felony, China University of Political Science and Law， Beijing 100088, China; 
    3. Forensic Science Standards Research Center， China University of Political Science and Law， Beijing 100088, China
  • Received:2023-03-15 Published:2023-05-15 Online:2023-05-16

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摘要： 为满足各种调查以及证据应用的目的，法庭科学/司法鉴定意见应当具有可靠性。开篇以法庭科学/司法鉴定可靠性之问展开，系统梳理了法庭科学/司法鉴定的相关概念。以美国总统科技顾问委员会刑事司法中的法庭科学报告为参照，介绍了该报告的中心思想，指出鉴定意见的可靠性包括重复性、再现性和准确性，并提炼了该报告中关于法庭科学鉴定方法可靠性的科学标准，即鉴定方法需具有基本有效性和适用有效性。前者的科学标准又包括了两个要素：具有可再现性且一致的鉴定程序；经实证研究确定的该鉴定方法的误报率和灵敏度等。基于以上评介与分析，提出当前我国鉴定意见可靠性建设需包括五个方面：确保应用的科学理论/方法得到法庭科学共同体的普遍接受性；应保证鉴定方法本身的科学有效性；应对司法鉴定人主体的适格性提出要求；防范动机偏见与认知偏差对可靠性的影响；加强司法鉴定内部审核建设、全面加强法庭科学/司法鉴定的质量控制，以确保鉴定意见的可靠性。

关键词: 法庭科学/司法鉴定, 鉴定意见可靠性, 质量控制, 认知偏差

Abstract: In order to adapt to various investigation and evidence application purposes, forensic science/forensic appraisal opinions should have the characteristics of reliability and validity. This article begins with the question of the reliability of forensic science, and systematically sorts out the related concepts of forensic science. Taking the court science report of the US President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in criminal justice as a reference, the central idea of the report is the reliability of appraisal opinions such as repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy. The scientific standards for the reliability of forensic appraisal methods in the report are also extracted, which include foundational validity and validity as applied. The former includes two main elements: the need for reproducible and consistent appraisal procedures, and the need to empirically study the false positive rate and sensitivity. Based on the above review and analysis, it is proposed that the construction of reliability of the current appraisal opinions should include: ensuring the universal acceptance of scientific theories/methods applied by the forensic science community; ensuring the scientific validity of the appraisal method itself; setting requirements for the eligibility of appraisal personnel; preventing the influence of motive bias and cognitive bias on reliability; and strengthening the internal verification construction of forensic appraisal and comprehensively enhancing the quality control of forensic science/forensic appraisal to ensure the reliability of appraisal opinions.

Key words: forensic science/forensic appraisal, reliability of appraisal opinion, quality control, cognitive bias

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