Abstract: Fraud appraisal constitutes a category of erroneous appraisal inconsistent with factual reality, which differs in nature from biased appraisal, partially tampered appraisal, and distinct appraisal opinions. As regulations emphasize the element of “intention” in fraud appraisal, it is necessary to distinguish between fraud appraisal and objectively erroneous appraisal, with corresponding different legal liabilities to be established. Both fraud appraisal and erroneous appraisal should be evaluated based on the consistency between the appraisal opinion and factual evidence, but liability determinations shall not adopt a purely outcome-based approach. Clarifying the legal boundaries of fraud appraisal and establishing appropriate liability allocation are of particular significance for safeguarding judicial justice and maintaining the healthy development of the appraisal industry.

Key words: fraud appraisal, intentional falsehood, perjury, false litigation crime, liability allocation

摘要： 虚假鉴定属于与实际不符的错误鉴定，与偏差鉴定、部分不真实的鉴定以及不同鉴定意见具有性质上的差异。因法律规范强调虚假鉴定的“故意”要件，需要将虚假鉴定与客观上的错误鉴定相区别，应当确立不同的法律责任。对虚假鉴定和错误鉴定应以鉴定意见是否与事实相符作为标准，但在责任承担上不应简单地以结果论。明确法律意义上虚假鉴定的边界并进行正确的责任配置，对于保障公正司法和维护鉴定行业健康发展具有特别的重要意义。

关键词: 虚假鉴定, 故意虚假, 伪证罪, 虚假诉讼罪, 责任配置