Abstract: Forensic clinical and forensic pathological identifications focus on analyzing and assessing damages to an individual’s life, health and functions resulting from external injurious factors. Among them, the causal relationship between damages and their consequences in forensic clinical and forensic pathological appraisals often gives rise to disputes due to the empirical and subjective nature of the judgment criteria and analytical methods involved. The main purpose of forensic appraisal is to assist in resolving specialized issues at the factual level and in providing technical support for the determination of legal causation and the assessment of legal liability in judicial trials. In the assessment of human injury severity, analyzing the relationship between injury and illness and conducting downgrade evaluations when necessary are rights and responsibilities entrusted to the assessors by the assessment standards. In the assessment of human disability levels, objectively explaining the extent to which the injury contributes to the disability outcome is a fundamental requirement for the assessors as stipulated by the law and the assessment standards. In cases involving death, it is also necessary to clearly explain the causal relationship between bodily injuries and the resulting death in accordance with judicial requirements.Accordingly, further refinement of techniques and standards for causal-relationship appraisal is required to achieve their consistent implementation in relevant appraisals and improve the uniformity of forensic opinions.

Key words: forensic medical causation, specialized issue, assessment of human injury severity, assessment of human disability level, analysis of cause of death

摘要： 法医临床和法医病理鉴定是外界致伤因素对个体生命、健康和功能损害的分析和判定。其中，致伤因素与损害后果之间的因果关系，因涉及判断标准、分析方法的经验性和主观性，常引起争议。司法鉴定的主要目的是协助解决事实层面的专门性问题，为司法裁判的法律因果关系裁量及法律责任判定提供技术支持。在人体损伤程度鉴定中进行伤病关系分析，必要时进行降级评定，是鉴定标准赋予司法鉴定人的权利和责任。在人体残疾等级鉴定中客观阐述损伤对残疾后果的作用程度，是法律和鉴定标准对司法鉴定人的基本要求。在涉及死亡的案件中，同样需要根据司法需求，就人体损伤与死亡后果之间的因果关系作出明确的阐述。因此，有必要进一步完善因果关系鉴定的技术和标准，实现在相应鉴定中的统一应用，提高鉴定意见的一致性。

关键词: 法医学因果关系, 专门性问题, 人体损伤程度鉴定, 人体残疾等级鉴定, 死因分析