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2009 Issue 4 (Total No. 45)
Published: 15 July 2009 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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A Comparative Analysis of the Rules of Cross-examination of Expert Witnesses QI Shu-jie;DONG Yang(Law School of Xiamen University;Xiamen 00;China) 2009(4): 1-5.  Abstract ( )   The recent legislation of China has established the principle of cross-examination of expert witnesses in civil procedure.However, it is quite often in practice that expert witnesses do not appear in hearing because of lack of detailed rules, which has adverse influence to judicial justice.In my opinion, China should refer to the advanced legislations in both Civil Law System and Common Law System, and establish the rules of appearing in court testimony for expert witnesses, the content of cross-examination of expert witnesses, and the rules of expert assistants participating in cross-examination.All these should also be reflected in the next amendment of the Civil Procedure Law of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Two Dimensions of Improving the Unified Management System of Forensic Appraisal QI Jian-jian(Institute of Law;Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;Beijing 000;China) 2009(4): 6-10.  Abstract ( )   The expansion of litigants' procedural rights leads to an increasing change on the monopolistic power in the startup and commission of forensic appraisal, which promotes the forensic system to be more market-oriented and socialized.Before the industry management system comes into effect, it's necessary for the judicial administration department to perfect its unified management.Two critical dimensions should be considered:one is to unify the management organization and set up a unified registration system;the other is to construct the quality control system, based on certification and accreditation.The combination of the two is the key to improve the unified management system of forensic appraisal. Related Articles | Metrics

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Setting Up a New Supervision System of Forensic Appraisal in Criminal Justice CHEN Xun(People's Procuratorate of Fuzhou;Fuzhou 00;China) 2009(4): 11-16.  Abstract ( )   The forensic identification system is an indispensible part of our country's judicial system, and is an important guarantee for the implementation of the nation's law.For a long time, various drawbacks exist in forensic identification in criminal justice, which not only affects the credibility of forensic identification, but also damages the unified implementation of the nation's law.Apart from the imperfect forensic identification system, the lack of the procuratorate's supervision is one cause for the abovementioned phenomenon.Therefore, besides improving the forensic identification system itself, we should establish the expert assistant system in prosecutorial organs to strengthen and improve the supervision of forensic identification in criminal justice.Based on the analysis of the current situation, the existing problems of forensic identification in the criminal justice system, and the practice of prosecutorial organs, and using the expert witness(expert assistant) system of foreign countries for reference, the author discusses the necessity, feasibility of the establishment of the expert assistant system in prosecutorial organs and its system designing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of CAST in Improving Forensic Science's Technical Standards and Access Mechanism LIANG Heng(School of Criminal Justice;China University of Political Science and Law;Beijing 000;China) 2009(4): 17-24.  Abstract ( )   Forensic science is a process to verify facts with technical means, which is the premise of impartial judicature.There are many problems with the system of forensic science in China, such as the repetitions and conflicts of institutions' functions, and the difference of ability and credibility of forensic science practitioners.Therefore, it is necessary to improve the system of forensic science in our country.Considering the current situation, comparative study and prospect of technical standards and access mechanism, and the characters of CAST, the role of CAST in improving forensic science technical standards and access mechanism is discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the discriminating value of different frequency formants in speaker recognition YANG Jun-jie;BAI Jian-fang;YANG Yuns-heng;LIANG Xiang-dong;WANG Li-jun(Shanxi Police Academy;000) 2009(4): 25-26+3.  Abstract ( )   Objectiv To study the discriminating value of different frequency formants in voice identification.Methods Formants of 10 female and 8 male twins'natural reciting speech were measured, discrimination value and stability of which were compared and analyzed.Results whether female or male twins could be discriminated based on the formants in the different frequency ranges, including lower than 2 000Hz, 2 000Hz-5 000Hz and 5 001Hz-8 000Hz.Stability of formants were decreased with the increasing of frequencies and the proportionf of nulli-formants was as higher as 26.67% in the range of 5000Hz-8000Hz.Conclution The discriminating value of formants within different frequency ranges was no significant difference due to the influence of the stability of formants. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Conditions for Visualizing Black Gel Pen Writing Obliterated by the Same Class Inks Using a Video Spectral Comparator LI Wei;WANG Gui-qiang;LIANG Lu-ning;LIAN Yuan-yuan;ZHANG Xiang-fu;LI Di(.Chinese People's Public Security University;Beijing 000;China;.Institute of Forensic Science;Ministry of Public Security;Beijing 000;China;.Public Security B 2009(4): 27-31.  Abstract ( )   Objective To study the visualizing conditions of the obliterated writing covered by the same class and color inks using a video spectral comparator.Methods Based on the differences of the fluorescent and infrared absorption characters of different gel pens, visualizing conditions were tested by a video spectral comparator.Results Under certain conditions, some obliterated writing could be revealed.Conclusion Under the condition of LUMI = IR infrared fluorescence(blue light), only the unexcited fluorescence writing covered by the excited fluorescence ink, and the excited fluorescence writing covered by the stronger excited fluorescence inks, could be revealed.Under the condition of IR infrared absorb lighting and UV365nm longwave ultraviolet lighting, only the light color writing covered by the dark inks could be revealed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Paternity Index Calculation in Mutation Autosomal STR Locus LU Hui-ling;LV De-jian(Department of Forensic Biology;Zhongshan School of Medicine;Sun Yat-sen University;Guangzhou 00;China) 2009(4): 32-35+7.  Abstract ( )   Objective To summarize the calculation methods of paternity index of mutational autosomal STR loci for application in paternity casework.Methods Based on the current knowledge of autosomal STR mutation, allele specific mutation probability was estimated from an overall STR mutation rate by using the empirical decreasing model.The calculation formulas of paternity index were derived for trio and duo, respectively.These formulas of PI were illustrated by some examples.Results The calculation formulas of X values and Y values were summarized for trio and duo cases in which either allege father or mother was considered only as one mutation.Conclusion The PI value of mutation case was shown significantly lower than that of no mutation case.It is suggested that more genetic markers should be analyzed for mutation cases to make the CPI achieve the standard of paternity determination. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Progress in the Copy Number Variation Study LI Cheng-tao;ZHAO Shu-min;LI Li(.Institute of Forensic Sciences;Ministry of Justice;Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine;Shanghai 000;China;.School of Life Sciences;Fudan University;Shanghai 00;China) 2009(4): 36-38.  Abstract ( )   Copy number variation(CNV) is increasingly recognized as a source of inter-individual differences in genome sequence and is proposed as a driving force for genome evolution and phenotypic variation.Many CNVs result in different levels of gene expression, which may account for a significant proportion of normal phenotypic variation and human diseases.This review unveiled the research process and study strategy of CNVs.Subsequently, the potential mechanisms of CNV formation and its forensic applications were discussed.In addition, the first-generation copy number variation map of the human genome was introduced, which demonstrated that DNA copy number variation was associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements and genomic disorders. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pyrosequencing and Its Application in Forensic Science ZHAI Xian-dun;LIU Zhi-jiang;HOU Yi-ping(.Department of Forensic Biology;West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine;Sichuan University;Chengdu 00;China;.Institute of Forensic Medicine;Henan University of Science and Technoogy; 2009(4): 39-42+6.  Abstract ( )   Pyrosequencing method is a high throughout, stable, no gel electrophoresis, real-time detection and good quantitative method.It is widely used in the field of sequence analysis, mutation detection and quantitative analysis.In this paper, we re-viewed recent advances and discussed new applications of this technique in forensic science and population genetic areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dealing with Possible STR Mutation in Paternity Testing LV De-jian;LU Hui-ling(Department of Forensic Biology;Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University;Guangzhou 00;China) 2009(4): 43-45.  Abstract ( )   STR(short tandem repeats) mutations are encountered frequently in paternity casework because STR has relatively high mutation rate.Dealing with possible mutations in paternity cases is a difficult task.This paper reviews the characteristics of STR mutation and the problems related with STR mutation.Issues, such as determination of mutation, calculation of paternity index and probability of exclusion and distinction between mutation and its similarity, are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection and Collection of Biological Evidence at Crime Scenes LIU Hai-Dong;Hu Lan;HOU Yong-chang;QI Bing;ZHANG Li-jun;YI Jun-ling;LI Wan-shui(.Chinese People's Public Security University;Beijing 000;China;.Institute of Forensic Science;Ministry of Public Security;Beijing 000;China;.Peopl 2009(4): 46-48.  Abstract ( )   It is imperative to carry out theoretical innovation and system construction as well as to improve technology in the detection and collection of biological evidence at crime scenes.Comprehensive viewpoint, concrete analysis of particular cases and crime scene reconstruction contribute remarkably to the effective detection, collection and application of biological evidence in crime scene investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization(FISH) in Forensic DNA Analysis DONG Yan;WU Dan;XU Qing-wen;ZHANG Chen;PING Yuan;ZHOU Huai-gu(Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Scene Technology;Ministry of Public Security;Shanghai 000;China) 2009(4): 49-51.  Abstract ( )   Objective To prove the reliability for sex identification by detection of chromosome X and Y using fluorescence in situ hybridization and to obtain individuate DNA profiles with laser capture microdissection(LCM) from male/female mixture.Methods After fluorescence in situ hybridization, both fluorescence red signal X and green signal Y was found under a fluorescence microscope from male cells and the successful red signal of two X was observed from female cells, Combined with laser capture microdissection, DNA could be individually obtained.Results Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, male cells and female cells could be differently stained.Short tandem repeat profiling was performed after isolation of the detected cells with laser capture microdissection.Conclusion Fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with laser capture microdissection could provided a new useful method for forensic DNA analysis in male/female mixture. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of STRs of X-chromosome and Autochromosome in Duo-cases ZHANG Su-hua;LI Li;LIN Yuan;LIU Yan(.Department of Forensic Medicine;Medical College of Soochow University;Suzhou;China;.Institute of Forensic Science;Ministry of Justice;Shanghai 000;China) 2009(4): 52-54.  Abstract ( )   Objective To explore the application value of STRs of X-chromosome and autosome in Duo-cases.Methods DNA samples of 104 duo-cases were genotyped using Sinofiler kit and MentypeArgus X-8 kit respectively and the value of each STR locus in exclusion cases was analyzed statistically.Results The same conclusions were achived in 102 cases using the two kits.The mutations were detected at DXS10074 and DXS10035 respectively in the other two cases.The highest exclusion rate in Sinofiler system was D8S1179 with 56.52%, while in Mentype Argus X-8 kit was at DXS10135 with 85.51%.Conclusions X-STR loci were valuable in forensic biology, being not only supplementary to autosome, but also excellent in some specific cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the Dissimilarities in Handwriting Identification JIA Zhi-hui(Southwest University of Political Science and Law;Chongqiing 000;China) 2009(4): 55-59.  Abstract ( )   The handwriting habit of one person includes identity of dissimilarities of characteristics, whereas the handwriting habit of different persons exhibits essential dissimilarities of characteristics.It's necessary to reason the nature of dissimilarities of characteristics in handwriting comparison;otherwise the conclusion would be short of scientificity and reliability.The nature and its reasoning of dissimilarity characteristics is often the focus in cross examination, which decides the acceptance of identification conclusions.Confronted with the challenge of scientific evidence, it's indispensable to seek theoretical support in order to perfect the reasoning rules. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on the Stability of Characteristics of Gel-ink Pen's Stroke Marks WANG Xiang-chen(China Criminal Police College;Shenyang 00;china) 2009(4): 60-63.  Abstract ( )   90 experimental samples written under different conditions by 3 writers with 5 gel-ink pens were investigated to study the stability of stroke marks.The influent factors such as the writing speed, writing posture, writing underlay, paper's diffusing effect and pen's oldness were tested and the changing rules of characteristics of stroke marks were summarized.The results could be used for reference in comparison of handwriting written by gel-ink pens. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Identification Method and Characteristic Value Analysis of Imitated Signatures MENG Wei-hong(People's Procuratorate of Huzhou;Huzhou 000;China) 2009(4): 64-66.  Abstract ( )   A case of identification of imitated signatures was presented.Based on this, the basic characteristics of imitated signatures were discussed.It is important to apply reasoning for general and detailed characteristics in order to reach correct conclusions. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Evaluation and Prospect of Forensic Pathological Methods of Drowning PAN Guo-nan;LV Ling(People's Procuratorate of Wenzhou;Wenzhou 000;China) 2009(4): 67-70.  Abstract ( )   The latest report of diatom testing, hydro-plankton chlorophyll(A) testing, blood chemical and histochemical examination are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of examination methods for drowning are evaluated.For diatom testing, the nitric acid ethanol method, can law-breaking machine and microwave digestion method can shorten the test time and increase the efficiency of handling cases;enzyme digestion and PCR method can detect a high rate of diatoms for suspicious diatoms in water samples with low density of testing samples.Early organ tissues of plankton chlorophyll(A), blood and other biochemical indicators of tissue can be used as an important reference for identification of drowning;detection of trace elements can be used for identification of strontium in seawater drowning;In addition, diatoms and other plankton genetic polymorphism fragments of PCR is expected to become a new sensitive detecting method of drowning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Medical Analysis of Medical Disputes Involving Death Caused by Amniotic Fluid Embolism ZHANG Lu;HE Song-yue;KONG Ling-Jie;ZHANG Jie;Tan Liang(Fayuan Forensic Science Centre;Beijing 000;China) 2009(4): 71-73+7.  Abstract ( )   Objective To analyze factors that cause medical disputes involving death of AFE in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of AFE and reduce AFE related medical disputes.Methods 8 medical disputes involving death of AFE and examined by our centre from 2006 to 2009 were retrospected.Results 1.Medical factors:7 cases had history of using alpha oxytocin;3 cases occurred after rupture of membranes in ante partum and 5 cases in post partum;6 cases had typical clinical symptom;7 cases got early diagnosis and 3 cases had subtotal hysterectomies;6 cases occurred in secondary hospital and below.2.Forensic medical analysis:87.5%(7/8)of all 8 cases had defects of improper using of oxytocin and defective observation record;7 cases had right early diagnosis of AFE, but had medical defects of oxygen supply, spasmolysis and hysterectomy.Conclusion Hospitals ought to increase knowledge and therapeutic ability on AFE, emphasize the integrity and standardization of recording, and improve notification and explanation to patients.All these factors are very important for forensic medical judgment and can help to reduce medical disputes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Classification and Application of the Standards Adopted in Forensic Accounting Appraisal ZHANG Heng;WU Xiao-chun(.People's Procuratorate of Haian;Haian 00;China;.People's Procuratorate of Nantong;Nantong 00;China) 2009(4): 74-76.  Abstract ( )   Scientific classification and application of related standards is the important guarantee for forensic accounting appraisal conclusions to be scientific, objective and rational.Attention should be paid to the principles of legality, validity, relevance and hierarchy for the five classes of the standards. Related Articles | Metrics