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2022 Issue 5 (Total No. 0)
Published: 15 September 2022 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Forensic System
Special Topic Discussion: Monitoring of Durgs in Sewage
Forensic Forum


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Forensic System

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Special Review of Technical Evidence in Criminal Prosecution QIN Ye 2022(5): 1-9.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (6123KB) ( )   Through sorting out the wrongful cases in recent years, it is found that the effective using of special review on technical evidence can prevent the occurrence of unjust and wrongful cases. In order to make the special review on technical evidence play its role in supervision and error correction more effectively, based on the in-depth analysis of concepts and features of technical evidence, this paper pointed out that the test-type technical evidence was the key object of special review. Considering from the aspects of procedural and substantive review, according to the problems of technical evidence discovered in the unjust and wrong cases, the specific matters of special review on technical evidence were sorted out. To realize the function of special review in case quality control, we need to effectively accomplish the transformation from scientific cognition to legal cognition in special review, cultivate more interdisciplinary talents with legal and technical knowledge, use intelligent applications to ease the resource allocation conflicts in special review, and build a perfect specification system for special review on technical evidence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Problems and Countermeasures of Revocation of Appraisal Opinions by Appraisers— The Empirical Analysis of Revocation of Appraisal Opinions in 63 Civil Cases CHEN Xianyu 2022(5): 10-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1007KB) ( )   Nowdays, the revocation of appraisal opinion occurs more frequently in civil judicial practice. Through empirical research, it is found that the time when an appraisal opinion is withdrawn often occurs before the opinion has been accepted, and most of the revocation are self-protection measures of appraisers due to the pressure from the parties’ petition, complaint or trouble. However, the revocation of appraisal opinions reduces the efficiency of litigation, impares the credibility of trials, and covertly encourages the parties to take improper actions to overturn appraisal opinions. In this context, Article 42 of Several Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Litigation promulgated in 2019 regulates the revocation of expert opinions. Nevertheless, there are still some problems in this regulation, such as vague, poor maneuverability and lack of process control of appraisal opinions. In order to regulate the revocation of appraisal opinions in judicial practice, under the guidance of “revocation as an exception, non-revocation as the principle”, legislation should only allow wrong appraisal opinions to be withdrawn after the expert opinions have been accepted. Related Articles | Metrics

Special Topic Discussion: Monitoring of Durgs in Sewage

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Monitoring Technology of Drugs in Sewage: Progress, Challenges and Prospects XIANG Ping 2022(5): 17-21.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1086KB) ( )   Based on practical experiences in the development and application of monitoring technology of drugs in sewage, this review discusses the progress and challenges of this technology in our country and the next works are prospected as well.It is suggested that the number and scale of laboratories for monitoring of drugs in sewage should be strictly controlled. Specialization of the laboratory and the standardization of monitoring procedures should be guaranteed. The accuracy, reliability and comparability of monitoring of drugs in sewage and data analysis can be enhanced through the formulation and implementation of standards. Under new trends in practical demands and technical difficulties in drug control, it is urgent to develop a monitoring system for illicit drugs including newly listed drugs, for the sake of rapid detection, accurate early warning and scientific evaluation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discovering Global Trends in Illicit Drugs by Wastewater-Based Epidemiology REN Hang, ZHAO Yunli, YUAN Shuai, XIANG Ping, SHEN Baohua 2022(5): 22-38.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1354KB) ( )   Illicit drugs abuse has a serious impact on social harmony, stability and people’s health. The problem of illicit drugs abuse around the world is still serious. Wastewater-based epidemiology （WBE） has become a “black technology” in the current field of drug control. The targets have extended from traditional illicit drugs to new psychoactive substances （NPS）. Having referred to WBE related researches at home and abroad, this paper summarized the international researches on monitoring illicit drugs consumption by WBE, and analyzed the global trends in traditional illicit drugs and NPS abuse. There were obvious differences of prevalent illicit drugs among the six continents. Cocaine was the mainly prevalent illicit drug in Europe, followed by amphetamines. Methamphetamine was a common illicit drug in North America, Oceania and Asia, but its consumption in Asia was obviously low. Cocaine was also popular in South America and Africa, though studied less in these two continents. Cannabis was consumed in all the six continents. WBE can reflect the trends of global illicit drugs consumption in time and geography more objectively and truly, and provide a reference for the effective supervision of illicit drugs implemented by states. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simultaneous Determination of 21 Illicit Drugs and Their Metabolites Including Fluoroketamine in Sewage by Online SPE-UPLC-MS/MS DING Yan, QIAO Hongwei, CHEN Jie, ZHANG Tingting, HUA Zhendong, HANG Taijun, LIU Peipei, 2022(5): 39-50.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1869KB) ( )   Objective An online solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （SPE-UPLC-MS/MS） method for the simultaneous determination of 21 illicit drugs and their metabolites including fluoroketamine in wasterwater was established. Methods The pH value of a sewage sample was adjusted to 8 by adding 10 % ammonia solution and 4 mol/L ammonium acetate solution. Then an appropriate amount of isotopic internal standard was added to the sewage sample. After filtration, the sample was loaded on an HLB Direct Connect HP SPE column （2.1 mm×30 mm, 20 μm） to allow the online SPE. The targets were eluted in reverse phase and loaded on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column（100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm） for liquid chromatography separation. The gradient elution was carried out using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1 % （volume fraction） formic acid-acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase. The electrospray ion source was set in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode was used for quantitative analysis. Results Except for morphine and O6-monoacetylmorphine whose linear ranges were 2-200 ng/L, the linear ranges of the other 19 targets were 1-200 ng/L, with the correlation coefficient not less than 0.998 5. The accuracy ranged from 81.73 % to 109.47 %, and the intra-day and inter-day precision were both less than 13.87 %. Compared with off-line SPE methods, the online SPE method eliminated complex pre-treatment procedures in SPE and concentration process. It not only improves the efficiency of sample analysis, but also reduces potential pollution in pre-treatment. Conclusion The established method has good selectivity, accuracy and repeatability. It has been applied in the determination of fluoroketamine and other illicit drugs as well as their metabolites in wasterwater samples in different regions of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Ketamine, Norketamine and Hydroxylimine in Water Samples by Online SPE-UPLC-MS/MS ZHU Siqi, XU Boyang, ZHUGE Weiwei, HE Yingsheng 2022(5): 51-56.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (771KB) ( )   Objective To establish an online solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （SPE-UPLC-MS/MS） method for the simultaneous determination of ketamine, norketamine and the precursor of hydroxyimine in water samples. Methods Pretreated by an online SPE column （2.1 mm×30 mm, 20 μm, Waters Oasis HLB）, samples were separated on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column （2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm） using gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1 % （volume fraction） formic acid aqueous solution. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode was used for MS analysis. Results Under the current conditions, the method was fully validated. It showed good specificity, accuracy and repeatability. The linear ranges of ketamine, norketamine and hydroxylimine were all 0.2-200 ng/L, and the limit of detection （LOD） for these analytes were 0.05 ng/L, 0.05 ng/L and 0.02 ng/L, respectively. The correlation coefficients were all more than 0.999. Conclusion Using the established method, the complete process of online extraction, separation and analysis of sewage samples can be finished in 13 minutes. The method has been applied to the monitoring of ketamine, norketamine and hydroxyimine in urban sewage samples successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Correlation Study between the Sewage Parameters and the Accuracy of Psychoactive Substances Detection FANG Mengyue, LIU Heping, CHEN Zhixiang, WANG Juan, ZHANG Haiqing, LI Xianguo, ZHANG Dahai 2022(5): 57-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (3796KB) ( )   Objective The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of sewage matrix on the detection results of psychoactive substances, and to provide a reference for scientific and accurate toxicological assessment. Methods Through solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-multistage mass spectrometry （SPE-LC-MS/MS）, the concentrations of five psychoactive substances （KET, NK, BZE, MDMA and MOR） in sewage samples collected from Dongying City, Shandong Province was tested before and after standard addition. The samples’ chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand were determined by potassium dichromate method, phosphomolybdate blue method, salicylic acid method and pressure method, respectively. The relationship between the sewage parameters and the detected concentrations of the target substances was explored by principal component analysis （PCA） method and the correlation was fitted. Results It showed a certain relationship between the water quality parameters and the detected contents of the target substances, including positive correlation of chemical oxygen demand and negative correlation of biochemical oxygen demand. There was weak correlation between ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus and the targets. According to the experimental results and analysis data, the fitting equations with the independent variables of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were established by Matlab software. Conclusion It is suggested that the influence of sewage parameters should be taken into consideration in the application of sewage epidemiology for toxicological assessment, in order to make the detection results more consistent with the real environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simultaneous Determination of 2-Fluoro Deschloroketamine and Its Positional Isomers in Urban Sewage by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS WANG Ping, LIU Xiaoyun, ZHENG Zhencheng, LIANG Guiqiao, LAI Shengqiang 2022(5): 67-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1296KB) ( )   Objective To establish a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2-fluoro deschloroketamine （2-FDCK）, and its two positional isomers, 3F-DCK and 4F-DCK in urban sewage samples by solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （SPE-UPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The urban sewage sample was first centrifuged at 12 000 r/min for 5 min, filtered through 1.2 μm glass fiber filter, and purified and concentrated by a CNW poly-SERY MCX SPE column, with ketamine-D4 as the internal standard. Then it was re-dissolved in 100 μL of methanol. 2-FDCK, 3F-DCK and 4F-DCK were separated on a Shimadzu GL Sciences Intersil HILIC column （3.0 mm×150 mm, 3 μm）. Acetonitrile-10 mmol/L ammonium acetate was used as the mobile phase for isocratic elution. The electrospray ion source was operated in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results The analytes had good linear relationship in the range of 1.0-80.0 ng/L （correlation coefficient r≥0.999）. The limit of detection for 2F-DCK, 3F-DCK and 4F-DCK were 0.2 ng/L, 0.3 ng/L and 0.4 ng/L, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 8.1 %, and the recovery ranged from 69.5 % to 108 %. Conclusion A SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of 2-FDCK and its two positional isomers, 3F-DCK and 4F-DCK. It can provide accurate analysis of 2-FDCK, 3F-DCK and 4F-DCK at the same time in sewage samples. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Forum

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Study on the Practicability and Speciality of Forensic Appraisal Items ZHANG Xiangyang 2022(5): 73-82.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1347KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Forensic Appraisal Issues in Civil Litigation CHEN Yan, DAI Xiaohua 2022(5): 83-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Institute of Forensic Medicine：Founding Background, Development Process and Historical Contribution— Commemorating the 90th Anniversary of the Founding of the Institute of Forensic Medicine HU Bingjie, HUANG Ruiting 2022(5): 88-96.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1670KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the Relationship between Forensic Medicine Monthly and the Modernization of Forensic Medicine in China WANG Jie 2022(5): 97-102.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1001KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Tongde Institute of Forensic Medicine in Shanghai during the Republic of China MAO Wei 2022(5): 103-107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (900KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Determination of Trauma History is the Basis for the Assessment of Human Injury Degree WANG Qianqian, FANG Junjie 2022(5): 108-110.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.05.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (417KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics