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2022 Issue 4 (Total No. 0)
Published: 15 July 2022 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Forensic System
Forensic Review
Forensic Science
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Forensic System

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On the Conceptual Dimensions and Evaluation Paradigms of Scientific Evidence— From the Perspectives of Law and Philosophy CAO Jia, CHEN Xiaoyong 2022(4): 1-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1512KB) ( )   The conceptual dimensions and the evaluation paradigms constitute two basic aspects of the scientific evidence. The former belongs to the ontology problem. What is to be solved is: what is scientific evidence? The latter belongs to the epistemic problem and what is to be solved is how to evaluate the reliability of scientific evidence. On the premise of anchoring the connotation of the concept, the evaluation of scientific evidence could be trustworthy. Through the dual fields of law and philosophy, the concept of scientific evidence is divided into three dimensions, namely, scientificity, technicality and legality. And the evaluation of scientific evidence is divided into two paradigms, namely, paradigm of understanding, paradigm of justification. The mainstream paradigm of understanding faces many difficulties and would not help to solve judicial practice problems. In contrast, the paradigm of justification has theoretical and practical advantages, pointing out the correct direction for the evaluation of scientific evidence. In general, the research on the basic problems of scientific evidence is helpful to solve the theoretical and practical dilemma of forensic appraisal in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Adopting Procedure of Forensic Appraisal from the Perspective of New Regulations on Civil Evidence TIAN Yiyao, WANG Changyang 2022(4): 12-19.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1259KB) ( )   The new provisions on forensic appraisal in the New Regulations on Civil Evidence show that the Chinese judicial organs have noticed the problems in the field of forensic appraisal such as decentralization of starting right, falsification of examination procedures, and authentication superstition. From the point of view of normative interpretation, we should not only realize that the starting procedure of forensic appraisal under the inquisitorial system can solve the dilemma of multiple identifications and repeated identifications, but also admit that the adversarial debate in the examination procedure under the adversary system is more conducive to the accuracy of fact-finding. At the same time, the corresponding functional boundary of the inquisitorial system and adversary system shall be specified to lay the foundation for the system construction. Hence, the admissibility procedure for the forensic appraisal can be deconstructed into three stages: starting procedure, examination, and authentication: firstly, it is proposed that the starting procedure of forensic appraisal shall insist on the inquisitorial system and set boundaries for the right expansion of the parties concerned; secondly, guided by the concept of substantive trial, it is proposed at the examination procedure to lay down rules in respect of strengthening the obligation of expert appearance, establishing the pre-trial disclosure and cross-examination rules, and strengthening the examination of check samples; thirdly, guided by the trial-centered concept, it is proposed that the authentication procedure shall enhance the assistance of expertise at the certification stage to assist judges in adopting expert opinions. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Review

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Research Progress on the in Vivo Analytical Methods of Designer Benzodiazepines  LU Jiayue, YAN Hui, SHEN Min 2022(4): 20-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1957KB) ( )   Designer benzodiazepines is a new class of psychoactive substances that have the core structure of benzodiazepines but do not have legal clinical use. In the past two years, they have become the most frequently detected type of compounds in new psychoactive substances (NPS) cases worldwide. These compounds produce sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxation, euphoria and other effects after ingestion. They are often used as substitutes for prescription drugs in drug abuse or drug-assisted crimes such as "rape and mugging", posing a serious threat to public safety. Therefore, the efficient identification of new benzodiazepines is an important demand in the field of forensic toxicology. The research progress on the structure-activity relationship, in-vivo process, sample preparation, analytical methods and case applications of new benzodiazepine drugs is reviewed to provide reference for forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Toxicity and Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Containing Aristolochic Acids HUANG Chunhua, XIANG Wei, WANG Siqi, WANG Yifan, LOU Didong, 2022(4): 33-41.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1069KB) ( )   Aristolochic acids （AAs）, a series of nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids, widely exist in plants of Aristolochiaceae, especially in Aristolochia and Asarum. Many species of these plants have been used as medicinal herbs in China, other Asian countries, and Latin America. The nephrotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of AAs have been well studied. In the end of last century, the “slimming pills” incident in Belgium and the “Longdanxiegan pills” incident in China made AAs and traditional Chinese medicine containing AAs come into the public view and become a part of social hot topics. After that, AAs and traditional Chinese medicine containing AAs have been studied extensively by researchers in various fields. This paper collected the poisoning cases caused by traditional Chinese medicine containing AAs, and reviewed the research progress of the toxicity and toxicology of AAs in recent years. The paper aims at calling the attention of clinical and forensic toxicologists to related traditional Chinese medicine, and providing reference for the diagnosis and forensic expertise of poisoning cases caused by traditional Chinese medicine containing AAs. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Science

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Research on High Risk Feature Recognition in Human Facial Injury Based on Correspondence Analysis HUANG Xiaoqiang, LIN Yucai, AN Zhiyuan, ZHAO Dong 2022(4): 42-47.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (834KB) ( )   Objective Correspondence analysis was used to screen out high-risk groups and high-risk time in facial injuries. Methods This paper collected the medical records of emergent facial injuries in a comprehensive hospital in eastern China in the past three years. The data of  gender, age and treatment time of patients with facial injuries caused by strikes, falls and traffic accidents were selected and analyzed by correspondence analysis, in order to obtain the high-risk characteristics. Results Among the facial injuries caused by strikes, the high-risk group was male aged 40-49, and the high-risk time was the night of working days in spring. Among the facial injuries caused by falls, the high-risk group was children aged 0-9 and elderly people aged 80 and above, and the high-risk time is the night of rest days in summer. Among the facial injuries caused by traffic accidents, the high-risk population was female aged 50-59, and the high-risk time was the night of working days in winter. Conclusion Correspondence analysis can clearly and intuitively express the high-risk characteristics of facial injury caused by different causes. This method and results can provide reference for the prevention, nursing and treatment, and forensic identification of facial injuries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Clinical Application of SPECT and MSCT in the Forensic Diagnosis of Early Occult Rib Fractures GUO Hongsong, LI Changzheng, WEI Honghong, YAO Yuanyuan, WANG Feizhou 2022(4): 48-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (3851KB) ( )   Objective To evaluate the forensic application of SPECT and MSCT in the diagnosis of early occult rib fractures. Methods Retrospective analysis was carried out on 51 patients, who were suspected to have occult rib fractures due to chest trauma. The differences of SPECT, MSCT and conventional CT/X-ray in the diagnosis of occult rib fractures in 1-3 weeks and 4-6 weeks after injury were analyzed. Results There was significant difference between SPECT and MSCT in the diagnosis in the first 1-3 weeks after injury （P<0.05）. The conventional CT/X-ray examination also had significant difference from SPECT and MSCT（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference between SPECT and MSCT in the 4-6 weeks after injury. The difference of diagnosis between 1-3 weeks and 4-6 weeks after injury was statistically different with MSCT （P<0.05）, while the diagnosis by SPECT had no significant difference in this two periods. Conclusion The best examination time for identifying occult rib fractures is the 4-6 weeks after injury, and MSCT is recommended for examination. As a highly sensitive technique, SPECT can significantly reduce the rates of missed and misdiagnosis when combined with MSCT. It plays a complementary role, and has important application value in the forensic expertise of clinical medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Preliminary Study on the Acoustic Landmark of Voice Quality in Voiceprint Identification— A Study Based on Random Forest and Decision Tree Model GENG Puyang, SHI Shaopei, GUO Hong, BIAN Xinwei, LU Qimeng, ZENG Jinhua 2022(4): 54-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (974KB) ( )   Objective Voice quality serves as one of the most important features in forensic voice comparison. However, the acoustic evidence to define voice quality type is still under study. This study aims at establishing a method to define voice quality. Method Based on random forest and decision tree model, the current paper investigated the acoustic landmarks of four types of voice quality （i.e., normal, creaky, breathy, and falsetto） using 18 acoustic parameters. Results The random forest analysis received 90.7% accurate results of voice quality classification, and fundamental frequency （F0）, duration, HNR, and H1-A3 are salient factors that contributed to the classification. The results of decision tree model showed that the four types of voice quality could be reasonably classified （i.e., accuracy is above 75%） based on three decision nodes （i.e., HNR, F0 mean, and H1-A3）. Conclusion A promising result of voice quality classification could be achieved based on F0, HNR, H1-A3, and etc. The application acoustic landmarks of voice quality could be an effective and significant method for forensic voice comparison practic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Identification of Highly Imitated Photosensitive Seal Impressions WANG Jun, YANG Yi 2022(4): 60-68.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (12530KB) ( )   Objective To study the typical characteristics of highly imitated photosensitive seal impressions and analyze the causes of these characteristics, thus providing reference for the identification of highly imitated photosensitive seal impressions in forensic practice. Methods Photosensitive seals of the same digital plate were prepared by scanning the surface of the original seal or the seal impressions. The differences between the real seal impressions and the highly imitated seal impressions were compared by image processing software and a super field depth three-dimensional stereo microscope. The inherent and valuable characteristics of imitated photosensitive seal impressions were analyzed. Results The characteristics of the imitated seal impressions were different from each other with different producing parameters, such as ink quantity, print resolution and image revision methods. But the characteristics of highly imitated photosensitive seal impressions were specific and stable on the pattern and text quality, stroke details, external characteristics and punctate leakage, etc. Conclusion These characteristics are valuable for the identification of highly imitated photosensitive seal impressions, which should be given more attention in forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Analysis and Automatic Recognition of Tool Marks LIU Yupang 2022(4): 69-73.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (9965KB) ( )   Objective In the era of big data, the inspection of tool trace tends to be digitalized and automated. This study aims at establishing an analyzing system and a recognition method for the automatic classification of specific tool marks. Methods An anti-theft window was pried and cut in the experiment. The marks formed by different types and sizes of tools were collected. An analysis system of tool mark category was established. On the Matlab platform, the pictures of tool marks were used for correlation comparison and in Surf algorithm feature matching experiments. Results The correlation experiment can distinguish different categories of tool marks. The tool marks in the same category can be matched by the calculation of features using Surf algorithm, but the accuracy of recognition was not very good. Conclusion A preliminary automatic recognition of tool marks can be achieved through the analysis of tool mark category, the correlation comparison of mark images and the feature matching by Surf algorithm. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Forum

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Review of Research Literatures on Forensic Appraisal System from 2016 to 2020 2022(4): 74-81.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1324KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Nature Orientation and Institutional Mechanism of Forensic Appraisal Institutions JINAG Shengchao, CHEN Xiangfang 2022(4): 82-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.0４.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1061KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Identification Issues in Compulsory Medical Procedures 2022(4): 90-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (671KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Reform and Improvement of China’s Forensic Appraisal Fee Management System YIN Shouge, WANG Jinlin 2022(4): 95-99.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (643KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Clinical Analysis of the Relationship between Trauma and Aortic Dissection Injury in Six Cases GU Xiaofeng, FEI Chengping 2022(4): 100-105.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (825KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Scattered Objects on the Scene of Road Traffic Accidents in Forensic Appraisal ZHANG Peifeng, ZHANG Hui, LI Wei 2022(4): 106-110.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2022.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (9703KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics