Abstract: In the England and Wales, experts played at least the following four roles in court trials: party experts, special juries, assessors and court experts. This development is related to the change of the dominant power of fact-finding in litigation and the establishment and development of the adversarial system. In recent years, the civil justice reform has reshaped the rights and responsibilities of expert witnesses by limiting the use of expert evidence, emphasizing the duties of experts to the court and limiting the application of expert testimony. The “court’s expert” has become the new role and position of the expert witness, and his/her right of selection, qualifications and responsibility have also been transformed. In essence, this change is the gradual strengthening of the court’s control over expert evidence in order to overcome the disadvantages of adversarial system in the UK. In China, the division of the judge’s and the appraiser’s appraisal authority and responsibility determines whether the appraisal process can operate in a healthy manner. In the face of judicial appraisal chaos in recent years, such as “no appraisal, no trial”, “appraisal generalization” and “false appraisal”, the provisions on civil evidence which was promulgated in 2019 have improved the appraisal system. Compared with the relevant regulations in the UK, it can be found that China should further improve the necessity of appraisal entrusting and the validity of self-appraisal, the reasonable positioning and procedure participation of appraisers, and the restraint of judges on appraisers.

Key words:

expert witness, expert evidence, control, judicial reform

摘要：

在英国，专家在参与法院审判时至少曾分别扮演过以下四个角色：当事人的专家、特别陪审团、技术陪审员和法庭专家，这一发展脉络与诉讼中查明事实的主导权之变化及对抗制的确立和发展有关。近年来，英国民事司法改革通过限制专家证据的运用、强调专家对法院之职责以及限制专家证言的适用，重塑了专家证人的权利和责任——“法院的专家”成为专家证人的新角色和新定位，其选任权、资格、职责等也随之发生着转变。这一转变实质上是英国为克服当事人主义的弊端，而将法院对专家证据的控制权逐步进行了强化。在我国，法官的鉴定权责与鉴定人权责的划分决定了鉴定程序能否良性运作，面对近年来“不鉴不审”“鉴定泛化”“虚假鉴定”等司法鉴定乱象，我国2019年颁布的《民事证据规定》对鉴定制度进行了完善。通过与英国相关规定比较可以发现，我国应当在鉴定委托的必要性和自行鉴定的效力明确，鉴定人的合理定位与程序参与，以及法官对鉴定人的行为约束等方面予以进一步完善。

关键词:

专家证人, 专家证据, 控制权, 司法改革 ,  ,