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2021 Issue 4 (Total No. 0)
Published: 15 July 2021 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Forensic System
Forensic Review
Forensic Science
Forensic Forum
Litigation and Case Report


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Forensic System

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Research on the Development and Problem of Forensic Appraisal of Eco-Environmental Damage in China ZHANG Qiang, CAI Junxiong, LIU Zhe, et al 2021(4): 1-9.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1103KB) ( )   The assessment conclusion or expert opinion of eco-environmental damage is an important basis for the decision of environmental administrative punishment, and also an important basis for the criminal trial of environmental pollution, civil tort liability litigation, damage compensation consultation and litigation. This paper elaborates the different origins, development process and current situation of forensic appraisal and forensic evaluation of eco-environmental damage in China, focusing on the construction and situation of appraisal institutions, the establishment and improvement of appraisal technical norm and standard system, and the promotion of two major systems of compensation for eco-environmental damage and public interest litigation by procuratorial organs. This paper analyzes and puts forward the main problems in the development of forensic appraisal of eco-environmental damage in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Legal Nature of Forensic Appraiser and Their Appraisal Opinion— Analysis Based on the New Provisions on Civil Evidence TIAN Yiyao, ZHAO Shen 2021(4): 10-20.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (2118KB) ( )   The new provisions on civil evidence reconstitute the litigation status of forensic appraisers and the statutory entrustment requirements of appraisal in civil proceedings, and the forensic appraisal of environmental damage which is the most important step in environmental justice should be adjusted accordingly. From the perspective of the definition of connotation of appraisal opinion, it is necessary to change the dependency only on qualification of the appraising agent and on techninology in the past when the court accepted the appraisal opinion of environmental damage to the legal doctrine centered on trial. From the perspective of appraiser’s litigation status, among the system of “the person with specialized knowledge”，the appraiser and “expert assistant” entrusted by parties, the appraiser and “expert assistant” appointed by court should comply with the requirements of the substantive reform of trial，and clarify the technology confrontation role of the person with specialized knowledge hired by the parties in the trial and the neutral auxiliary function of the judicial expert appointed by the court to the judge. Starting with the reconstruction of the new provisions of civil evidence, it also needs to be extended to the environmental justice specialization. It is necessary to establish in a timely manner the rule of connection and transformation of forensic appraisers of environmental damage and their opinions in different litigation procedures with the process of centralized management of environmental cases, such as civil litigation, criminal litigation, and administrative litigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Court Experts: Remolding the Rights and Responsibilities of Expert Witness in the UK and Its Enlightenment GONG Xue 2021(4): 21-29.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1349KB) ( )   In the England and Wales, experts played at least the following four roles in court trials: party experts, special juries, assessors and court experts. This development is related to the change of the dominant power of fact-finding in litigation and the establishment and development of the adversarial system. In recent years, the civil justice reform has reshaped the rights and responsibilities of expert witnesses by limiting the use of expert evidence, emphasizing the duties of experts to the court and limiting the application of expert testimony. The “court’s expert” has become the new role and position of the expert witness, and his/her right of selection, qualifications and responsibility have also been transformed. In essence, this change is the gradual strengthening of the court’s control over expert evidence in order to overcome the disadvantages of adversarial system in the UK. In China, the division of the judge’s and the appraiser’s appraisal authority and responsibility determines whether the appraisal process can operate in a healthy manner. In the face of judicial appraisal chaos in recent years, such as “no appraisal, no trial”, “appraisal generalization” and “false appraisal”, the provisions on civil evidence which was promulgated in 2019 have improved the appraisal system. Compared with the relevant regulations in the UK, it can be found that China should further improve the necessity of appraisal entrusting and the validity of self-appraisal, the reasonable positioning and procedure participation of appraisers, and the restraint of judges on appraisers. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Review

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Research Progress of Synthetic Cannabinoids New Psychoactive Substances LIU Mengxi, XIANG Ping, YU Zhiguo, et al 2021(4): 30-40.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (974KB) ( )   Synthetic cannabinoid （SCs） new psychoactive substances refer to synthetic endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists. These substances mostly appear in the form of spices, petals, tobacco and electronic cigarette oil. Taking synthetic cannabinoid has strong hallucinogenic, calming and inhibitory effects on the human body, resulting in strong pleasure. However, with side effects such as insanity, dizziness, drowsiness, restlessness, irritability, bad heart and vomiting, it poses a major threat to public health and safety. The structural types, sample pretreatment methods, analytical methods and applications of synthetic cannabinoids were reviewed in order to provide reference for forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Forensic Identification of Visual Dysfunction after Ocular Trauma YU Xiaoying, CHEN Jiemin, ZHOU Zhilu, et al 2021(4): 41-47.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1017KB) ( )   Ocular trauma is an important cause of visual impairment. The ocular trauma score （OTS） formulated by the American association of ocular trauma according to the initial visual acuity level after ocular trauma is helpful to estimate the postoperative visual acuity. Based on this, domestic scholars have studied and established a regression equation to calculate the postoperative visual acuity according to the initial visual acuity after injury. The research results about the relationship between the factors of eye diseases and vision, such as the correlation between the changes of eye structure and vision in myopia, age-related diseases will also have a considerable impact on vision, and have a certain regularity, which has significance in the evaluation of vision after ocular trauma, especially in the identification of injury relationship. In addition to the above, the specific medical process and other influencing factors of intervention after ocular trauma will also have a certain impact on the vision after recovery. In the forensic examination and identification of visual function, it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the relevant information, objectively analyze various influencing factors, and make a comprehensive analysis and evaluation combined with visual electrophysiological test technology. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Science

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Analysis of the Relationship Between Injury and Disease from 22 Tooth Loss Cases PENG Zhao, ZHAN Mengjun, FAN Fei, et al 2021(4): 48-54.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (4011KB) ( )   Objective To explore the injury characteristics of post-traumatic tooth loss, put forward the analysis principles of the relationship between injury and disease, and provide reference for forensic clinical identification. Methods The 22 cases of post-traumatic tooth loss were collected from Sichuan West China forensic medicine identification center between February 2016 and January 2020. Descriptive statistical analysis was used in all case studies according to the basic information, the first diagnosis time after injury, other additional oral injuries,previous dental history, dental imaging examination, entrusted items, expert opinion, and other information. Results In all cases, the most likely sites and types of teeth missing after trauma were maxillary and incisor, respectively. In the early cases after injury, except for the loss of teeth, there were different degrees of oral and maxillofacial injuries. Oral imaging examination has a high value in the evaluation of the degree of oral lesions. Nearly half of the cases involve the analysis of the relationship between injuries and diseases. Conclusion The analysis points of such cases can be better grasped, according to the clear history of trauma, post-traumatic treatment record, especially combined with oral imaging examination, and using the analysis principle of the relationship between injury and disease proposed in this study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Analysis of Urinary System Damage after Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery SHEN Hanjian, CHEN Fang, ZHU Kun, et al 2021(4): 55-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (890KB) ( )   Objective The paper is set out to discuss the types of medical damage to urinary system injury caused by obstetrics and gynecology surgery as well as the methods to identify the causality, thus providing guidance for the identification of this type of medical damage cases. Methods The medical damage cases of urinary system injury caused by gynecological surgery accepted by the Academy of Forensic Sciences from January 2013 to December 2020 were statistically analyzed in accordance with the primary disease, the operation method, the damage consequence and the types of causal relationship. Results Among the 36 cases, 13 were benign diseases of the uterus, 23 were malignant tumors of the uterus; 11 were traditional open surgery, 25 were laparoscopic surgery; 6 were bladder injury, and 30 were ureteral injuries; 1 case with no effect between medical error and damage consequences, 1 case of minor cause, 3 cases of secondary cause, 9 cases of the same cause, 21 cases of primary cause, 1 case of complete cause. Conclusion During the identification process of this type of medical damage, the determination of the final causality type is closely related to the own disease, damage consequence, and medical fault. This article lists out some typical cases of urinary tract injuries after obstetrics and gynecology operations, also the paper specifically elaborates the types of causality as well as summarizes the more practical methods for evaluating the types of causality and the degree of participation in the process of medical injury identification, which is convenient for the appraiser to take reference. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Multi-spectral Light Field Imaging in Public Security Audio-visual Technology LI Yunpeng, SUN Peng, DAI Xuejing, et al 2021(4): 62-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (12836KB) ( )   Objective In order to improve the detection, recording and recognition ability of the optical imaging equipment in the public security audio-visual technology, and to solve the problem that the traditional two-dimensional camera causes the lack of information of the target object in the image and video, this paper introduces the multi-spectral light field camera into the field of public security audio-visual technology, which can simultaneously obtain the space, direction and spectral information of the object. The object characteristic information can be recorded more comprehensively. Methods In this paper, the functions of multi-spectral light field camera, such as full focus, super depth of field, three-dimensional imaging, viewpoint free transformation and multi-physical information snapshot imaging, are used in various fields of public security audio-visual technology, such as scene photography, material evidence inspection photography, criminal portrait, video investigation technology and police intelligent identification. Results The light field camera can effectively solve the photography problem of difficult material evidence such as potential material evidence out of focus; The preservation dimension of the image is upgraded to four dimensions, that is, 3D spatial information and spectral information, which greatly improves the feature points of material evidence and face recognition, and effectively improves the accuracy of material evidence comparison and the accuracy of portrait identification; In the application of police intelligent recognition technology, it can improve the accuracy of human behavior characteristics similarity quantification, as well as increase the success rate of iris acquisition and improving the accuracy of iris recognition. Conclusion Multi-spectral light field imaging technology can comprehensively improve the technical indicators in various fields of public security audio-visual technology, greatly improve the efficiency of discovery and identification of physical evidence on the scene, improve the integrity of evidence information preservation, improve the accuracy of portrait comparison in video investigation technology, and improve the success rate and accuracy of identification in police intelligent identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on AI Synthetic Face Image Identification Based on Transfer Learning NIU Jinlin, WANG Huapeng, ZHANG Kunyao, et al 2021(4): 72-76.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (725KB) ( )   Objective High-quality face image forgery generated by Artificial Intelligence （AI） technology has become more and more mature, which makes the authenticity testing of face images have a great challenge. This article uses the deep learning approach to classify real and fake face images in order to achieve the identification of fake images. Methods In this paper, we propose a method of transfer learning that we construct MobileNetV2 network and retain its pre-training weight on ImageNet data set. We use 5 274 fake face images produced by FaceSwap technology and 6 650 real face images for identification. Results The migration model gets an accuracy of 0.94 in the test set and has a certain stability to identify real and fake face images. Conclusion Using transfer learning approach can achieve the identification of real and fake face images. To some extent, this method can be used for reference in authenticity testing about AI synthetic face images. Related Articles | Metrics

Forensic Forum

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Key Points of Operation Management and Risk Control of Forensic Clinical Expertise Technology XIA Wentao, FANG Jianxin 2021(4): 86-92.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1079KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Hot-spot of Environmental Damage Forensic Appraisal — Literature Analysis Based on Scientific Knowledge Map QU Guoqiang, YANG Zhixi, LIANG Man, et al 2021(4): 93-99.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (5152KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Operation Status and Improvement Path of Expert Assistant System— Empirical Study Based on the Trial Implementation of “Court Investigation Procedure” FU Shujun, PIAO Zonggen 2021(4): 100-106.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1087KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

Litigation and Case Report

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A Case of Identification of Ruptured Hemorrhagic Injury of Intramuscular Hemangioma HONG Xiang, HE Bingfan 2021(4): 107-108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (653KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case of CTA and MRA in the Identification of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Injury Degree DONG Huangyong, BAO Bin, WANG Wei, et al 2021(4): 109-110.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2021.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1034KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics