Abstract: In recent years，illegal mining has repeatedly occurred in some regions，causing serious damages to national resources and ecosystems. To pursue the environmental restoration and compensation liabilities of those who illegally mine，environmental public interest litigation or ecological environment damage compensation cases often need to rely on environmental damage identification and assessment for confirmation at the technical level. Through a systematic review of the current situation of ecological and environmental damage appraisal and assessment in illegal mining cases，it is found that there are problems such as inconsistent appraisal and assessment methods and significant differences in results. Taking three representative cases of ecological and environmental damage appraisal and assessment as examples，the main differences lie in the definition of basic restoration，the method of determining intermediate damage，and the calculation of ecological and environmental damage costs. It is suggested to further improve environmental damage appraisal，to enhance the credibility of appraisal and assessment results，and to ensure uniform standards in handling cases，so as to  maintain forensic fairness from three aspects：unifying forensic appraisal standards，improving supervision and management，and strengthening capacity building.

Key words: illegal mining, environmental damage appraisal and assessment；environmental public interest litigation；compensation for ecological and environmental damage

摘要： 近年来，非法开采矿山在一些地区屡禁不止，给国家资源和生态系统带来严重损害，为追究非法开采矿山违法者的环境损害修复赔偿责任，环境公益诉讼或生态环境损害赔偿案件在技术层面往往需要依托环境损害鉴定评估进行确认。通过系统梳理非法开采矿山案件的生态环境损害鉴定评估现状，发现当前存在鉴定评估方法不统一、结果差异大等问题。以三个典型生态环境损害鉴定评估案例为例，剖析主要区别在于基本恢复的界定、期间损害的确定方法、生态环境损害费用的计算方面存在差异。建议从统一司法鉴定标准、完善监督管理、加强能力建设三个方面，进一步完善环境损害鉴定，提升鉴定评估结果的公信力，保障办案标准统一，维护司法公正。

关键词: 非法开采矿山, 环境损害鉴定评估, 环境公益诉讼, 生态环境损害赔偿