Abstract: Disputes over forensic appraisal errors are common in judicial practice. The fundamental cause lies in the unclear understanding of the nature of such errors, which in turn prevents accurate definition of forensic appraisal errors. This paper focuses on the core question of “What constitutes a forensic appraisal error?” and unfolds the discussion in three parts. First, by answering “What is an error?”, it establishes the premise for defining forensic appraisal errors. Second, through sorting out the objects of description and the essence of forensic appraisal errors, it clarifies the definition of such errors. Finally, it analyzes the contributing factors of forensic appraisal errors, including human factors, tool factors, evidence factors, and normative factors, thus identifying the causes of the errors. Clarifying the boundaries of forensic appraisal errors can promote the improvement of forensic appraisal legislation and the system for expert opinion admission. Meanwhile, it will facilitate the continuous optimization of forensic appraisal technical standards and quality control systems.

Key words: forensic appraisal error, nature of error, error-causing factor, institutional implication

摘要： 司法鉴定错误在司法实践中常产生争议，其基本原因在于对司法鉴定错误的本质认识不清晰，进而无法对司法鉴定错误进行准确定义。围绕“什么是司法鉴定错误”这一核心问题展开论述。首先，通过回答“什么是错误”，为界定司法鉴定错误设定前提。其次，通过对司法鉴定错误的描述对象及其本质的梳理，明晰司法鉴定错误的定义。最后，分析导致司法鉴定错误的人力因素、工具因素、证据因素和规范因素，明确司法鉴定错误的产生因素。明确司法鉴定错误的边界，能够助推司法鉴定立法和鉴定意见采信制度的完善，同时有助于司法鉴定技术标准和司法鉴定质量管理制度的持续优化。

关键词: 司法鉴定错误, 错误本质, 致错因素, 制度意涵