Abstract: Due to the diversity and complexity of the objects and content involved in forensic appraisal, appraisers face greater difficulties in understanding the appraisal issues and conducting the assessment. In particular, under the influence of appraisal standards with legal attributes and related legal factors, there is a substantial gap between the reality of forensic appraisal and the ideal goals presupposed by the institutional framework. Forensic appraisal not only requires the use of forensic medical knowledge to communicate objective facts and legal facts, but also needs the results of communication between forensic medicine and law to meet the requirements of legal facts. Furthermore, the facts established through forensic knowledge and judgment must be subject to scrutiny by non-experts under legal standards. Given the differences in the nature of criminal and civil cases, forensic appraisal in ambiguous areas or within ranges of discretion should not only consider the exogenous, endogenous, and intervening factors of existing facts, but also make value choices based on different concepts of rule of law. This realizes the goal of incorporating forensic knowledge cognitive judgment into legal value judgment, thereby giving full play to the functions of forensic medicine in cognitive judgment of objective facts and interpreting specialized issues as evidence, and providing key opinion evidence for the determination of legal facts of cases.

Key words: forensic appraisal, objective fact, legal fact, communication transformation, cognitive judgment

摘要： 法医学鉴定因鉴定对象和内容的多样性和复杂性，增加了鉴定人对鉴定问题的认识和鉴定评定的难度，特别是在具有法律属性的鉴定标准及相关法律因素的影响下，鉴定的现实情况与制度预设的理想目标常呈现较大差距。法医学鉴定不仅需要运用法医学知识沟通存在于外的客观事实与法律事实，还需要法医学和法学沟通的结果满足法律事实的要求，并将法医认识判断的事实置于法律标准下接受外行的审查。基于刑事和民事案件性质的不同，法医学鉴定在模糊区域或者裁量区间评定时，不仅要考虑现存事实的外源性、内源性以及介入因素，还需要基于不同法治理念作出价值选择，完成运用法医学将客观事实的认识性判断嵌入法学价值判断的任务，从而发挥法医学对客观事实的认识性判断与作为证据的法医学鉴定意见所具有的解读和诠释专门性问题的功能，为案件的法律事实认定提供关键性的意见证据。

关键词: 法医学鉴定, 客观事实, 法律事实, 沟通转化, 认识性判断