Abstract:  In promoting the construction of the forensic appraisal aid system with the characteristics of public welfare, the key problem is to clarify the responsible subjects and distinguish the responsibility of different subjects. Through the analysis of China’s forensic appraisal aid practice, three main aid models are identified: the “pure institutional model”, the “state-institution integration model” and the “state, institution and individual co-participation model”. At the same time, it is found that there are three pairs of contradictions in the distribution of the responsibilities of forensic appraisal aid, which are the contradiction between the unlimited liability and the limited liability of the state, the contradiction between the pursuit of profit and the performance of public welfare by the appraisal organization, and the contradiction regarding whether the applicant has liability or not. In view of this, this article, from the legal and moral dimensions, expounds on the necessity for the state, institutions and aid applicants to serve as accountable  entity forensic appraisal aid. On the basis of fully considering China’s national conditions, in the field of forensic appraisal aid, the author puts forward the optimal responsibility distribution model: The state should firmly shoulder the responsibility, the forensic appraisal institutions should actively take on the “feasible” obligations, and the applicants should be required to bear a reasonable burden, and the social forces should be steered to gradually participate in the field of forensic appraisal aid, aiming to build a stable, efficient and sustainable forensic appraisal aid system. 

Key words: forensic appraisal aid, accountable entity, distribution of responsibility

摘要： 在具有公益特质的司法鉴定援助制度建设中，关键问题在于明确责任主体并厘清不同主体的责任。通过分析我国司法鉴定援助实践样态，可以识别出三种主要的援助模式：“机构”式援助、“国家+机构”式援助、“国家+机构+个人”式援助。同时，在司法鉴定援助责任分配中，国家、鉴定机构、援助申请人各自面临不同的争议，分别是国家的无限责任与有限责任之争议、鉴定机构追求营利性与履行公益性之争议、援助申请人有无责任之争议。鉴于此，从法律和道德两个维度出发，阐释了国家、鉴定机构和援助申请人成为司法鉴定援助责任主体的必要性。在充分考虑我国国情的基础上，在司法鉴定援助领域提出“国家肩负主体责任不放松、鉴定机构积极承担‘可担’义务，要求援助申请人合理负担，引导社会力量逐步注入司法鉴定援助领域”的最优责任分配模式，旨在打造一个稳定、高效且持续发展的司法鉴定援助体系。

关键词: 司法鉴定援助, 责任主体, 责任分配