Archive

2014 Issue 2 (Total No. )
Published: 15 March 2014 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Maximize the Value of Forensic Appraisal: the Norms, Balance and Systems CHENG Jun-Wei, YUAN Jia-Qi 2014(2): 1-5.  Abstract ( )   The use of forensic appraisal is increasingly widespread in litigation activities. The realization of the value of forensic appraisal directly affects the quality of litigation. It is necessary to establish a uniform norm of the institutions, the procedure and the standard of forensic appraisal, and at the same time, to achieve the dynamic balance of the two effects of science and neutrality, in order to maximize the value of forensic appraisal. We should establish a scientific system to monitor forensic appraisal practice, and strive to achieve the dual value of the tool and purpose in forensic appraisal procedure. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the Management Model of Expert Assistant ZHAO Jie 2014(2): 6-9.  Abstract ( )   The expert assistant appearing in court for testimony is quietly changing the existing litigation pattern. Through expert testimony, the phenomenon of courts’ blind reliance on expert opinions is changed. However, the legal profession is concerned about the lack of supervision upon the expert assistant, which is not only contrary to the principle of legal supervision on litigation participants, but is also a hidden danger to normal functioning of the system. Based on the discussion about the necessity and method of the expert assistant management, this article puts forward the suggestion that at current stage, it is only appropriate to carry out the management at the trial stage. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

On the Actionability of Forensic Appraisal Opinions and the Dispute Settlement thereof KONG Qing-Wei, PENG Hao-Qiang 2014(2): 10-13.  Abstract ( )   The forensic appraisal opinion is the individual understanding and judgment by a forensic appraiser regarding special issues involved in the litigation. It is restricted not only by the objective factors such as instrument and equipment, the identification method and laboratory conditions, but also by the limitation of the appraiser’s knowledge, ability and experience of practice. Therefore, for the same special issues, different appraisal opinions might appear, and its reliability and scientific nature are inevitably questioned by the parties. This article discusses the attribute of forensic appraisal, the trial practice for its actionability, jurisprudential analysis and our country’s current regulations regarding the actionability of some legal activities to find out the answer of whether the forensic appraisal opinion is actionable, and the dispute settlement mechanism thereof. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Discussion on the Direction of the Public Security Organs’ Appraisal System Reform — from the Perspective of the Difference between Crime Scene Investigation and Forensic Appraisal LI Wei 2014(2): 14-18.  Abstract ( )    Crime scene inspection and forensic appraisal are the starting point and basis in criminal investigation, and play an important role therein. However, the phenomena, such as one party inspection and appraisal, one party investigation and appraisal, and no separation of inspection and appraisal, is widespread in China's actual situation. This is contrary to the legislative spirit of the Criminal Procedure Law of China. It impedes the course of justice and investigative work. We should sort out the difference between crime scene inspection and forensic appraisal, and improve the work system thereof. The working mechanism of "Investigation and inspection integration" should be carried out. The direction of the public security organs’ appraisal system reform is to separate the appraisal institution from the investigation department. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on the Tracking Codes of Common Color Laser Printers on Printed Documents WANG Nan, YANG Xu, DU Zhi-Chun 2014(2): 19-24.  Abstract ( )   Objective To study the tracking codes of the common color laser printers on printed documents and their application in the questioned document examination and file security. Method Printed samples were examined under the microscope and video spectral comparator. Results Color laser printed documents may appear tracking codes. The tracking codes are different in regularity, pattern, and lattice features among diverse brands of printers. Conclusion The tracking codes can be used for the primary identification of different brands of color laser printer. But there also exist limitations in the forensic practice and further study is necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Determination of Opium Alkaloids and Discrimination of Sample Origins by UPLC/Q-TOF and PLS-DA LIU Cui-Mei, HUA Zhen-Dong, BAI Yan-Ping 2014(2): 25-28.  Abstract ( )   Objective An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 5 major opium alkaloids, i.e. morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine, and 12 trace alkaloids, such as reticuline, laudanidine, laudanosine, etc. Method The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) column with a gradient elution of acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium formate. The mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as detector in the positive ion mode. Results A method for the rapid separation and determination of 17 alkaloids by UPLC/Q-TOF was established. The differences of alkaloids between opium samples from different origins were found and a discrimination model was built by partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) with SIMCA-P software based on the data set of these 17 alkaloids variables in 78 domestic and 200 Myanmar opium samples. Conclusion The established method is of rapidness, high accuracy, good selectivity and sensitivity. It is suitable for the simultaneous determination of alkaloids and the discrimination of sample origins. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Standard of Human Body Injury Assessment— the Main Differences with the Last Edition FAN Li-Hua, WU Jun 2014(2): 29-32.  Abstract ( )   This article interprets the main changes of the new Standard of Human Body Injury Assessment compared to the last edition on the structure, the pattern, the relationship, the classification principles, the opportunity of assessment, and the added or modified clauses to facilitate a better understanding and mastering of the new standard among forensic colleagues. The authors expect this article to have practical significance for the forensic medicine appraisal. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Standard of Human Body Injury Assessment- Interpretation and Analysis of the Vision and Visual Organ Impairment Section WANG Xu 2014(2): 33-38.  Abstract ( )    On the basis of adopting new concepts of visual injury at home and abroad, e.g. “Blind classification” and “International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, ICF” promulgated by World Health Organization, American Medical Association's “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, GEPI”, the section of vision and visual organ impairment in the Standard of Human Body Injury Assessment is compiled to be more scientific and normative. Some inappropriate clauses are removed, and the new standard is more operable and consistent with the international trends. Compared with the old standard, the new standard has a lot of changes. In general: The clauses increase from nineteen to thirty-nine, The contents of the clauses are more specific, Five clauses on defect of visual field are added. The experts of clinical forensic medicine need to pay more attention to these changes and understand them properly. At the same time, in the judicial practice, it will become more difficult to identify the pseudo blindness, perform the perimetry test and assess the objective visual field. Therefore, related scientific studies are required to step up. This paper interpretes the technical difficulties in the new standard, and describes in detail the method for calculating the “effective value of visual field”, i.e. the measured effective value of visual field (%) = SUM of 8 visual field values measured in meridians /500) × 100%. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Influence of Medical Intervention on Identification of Injury Degree and Impairment Assessment LIU Dong-Mei, SHEN Han-Jian, XIA Wen-Tao, PENG Shu-Ya, ZHOU Shu 2014(2): 39-42.  Abstract ( )   The identification of injury degree and impairment assessment are the main task in the clinical forensic practice. The former， which is based on the immediate traumatic conditions and is combined with injury consequences or outcomes， should be analyzed and assessed comprehensively. The impairment should be assessed posterior to the clinical treatment， according to the sequel after stable therapeutic effects. Injury consequences or outcomes are not only closely correlated with the severity of the immediate traumatic conditions but with the intervention of clinical measures. Thus， medical intervention may influence the clinical forensic appraisal opinions， and should be considered in the clinical forensic assessment. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Statistical Analysis of 1 000 Suspected Drunk Driving Cases in Guizhou Province ZHANG Quan, CHEN Wen-Sheng, HONG Liang 2014(2): 43-46.  Abstract ( )   Objective To provide scientific statistics for reducing and preventing traffic accidents by analyzing the characteristics of 1000 suspected drunk driving cases in Guizhou Province in 2012. Methods Road traffic violations and accidents caused by suspected drunk driving were tabled using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Results were classified by gender, age, time, vehicle model and blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Result The majority of offenders were men. Offenders aged between 20 years old to 50 years old accounted for 92%. Most accidents happened between 20:00 to 24:00 on main roads. About 46.72% of the accidents were caused by motorcycles. The determination result of BAC was that, of the total 1000 cases, 28.7% were negative, 9.3% were driving under the influence of alcohol and 59.5% were drunk driving. Conclusion There were some similarities in the 1000 cases and the study could be used as reference in preventing traffic accidents caused by drunk driving. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Harm and Determination of New Designer Methcathinone Anologs LI Zhong-Yang, WANG Le, ZHAO Wen-Cheng 2014(2): 47-50.  Abstract ( )   Methcathinone anologs are new designer drugs which have been abused worldwide. This paper first gave an introduction of the chemical structures, features and effects of methcathinone analogs, then reviewed their abuse situation, harm and determination methods. The paper aimed at facilitating the establishment of new sensitive methods of determining trace methcathinone anologs in complex biological specimens, and providing reference and scientific basis for the study of their toxicity, metabolism and withdrawal mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Development and Prospect of Postmortem Angiography Technology WAN Lei, WEI Hua, YING Chong-Liang, ZOU Dong-Hua, SHAO Yu, LI Zheng-Dong, ZHU Guang-You 2014(2): 51-55.  Abstract ( )   Postmortem angiography is an effective investigating method of blood vessels. It plays an important role in probing cadaveric vessels, especially for the heart and brain blood vessels. This technology originated from the 15th century, and developed quickly in the 18th and 19th century. Postmortem angiography contains contrast agent, perfusion and imaging, and has made a considerable progress since the discovery of X-ray. At present, this technology has been widely used in practice. However, it still has some defects as follows: First, these contrast mediums still have drawbacks such as permeating, obstruction and so on. Secondly, it is hard to simulate the state of physiological blooding in perfusion. Meanwhile, this technology has been increasingly relied on than ever before, as the religious and traditional ideas of preserving integral corpse. Accordingly, it is essential to improve the postmortem angiography technology to meet the practical need. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of Behavior Ability after Fatal Trauma in 3 Cases LIU Liang-Cai, HUANG Xiao-Jun, CUI Yu-Bao 2014(2): 56-57.  Abstract ( )   Analysis of behavior ability after fatal trauma plays a significant role in crime scene investigation, especially for rebuilding the scene, explaining the doubts and judging the type of the cases. It is also a hot and difficult issue in the forensic practice. In some cases, deaths may not occur immediately when the victims are fatally injured, and the behavior abilities of the victims will be influenced by multi-factors. Therefore, it is necessary to consider carefully about the situation of the scene in the analysis of the behavior ability after fatal trauma. Through analyzing three cases, several views on behavior ability after fatal trauma were presented in this paper, which may offer references to peers. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Assessment of Powerplex21 System’s Application in Paternity Testing CHEN Ling, QIU Ping-Ming, LU Hui-Jie, HUANG 恩Ping, YU Jia-Xin 2014(2): 58-60.  Abstract ( )   Objective To assess the power of PowerPlex21 system in paternity testing. Methods 1704 paternity testing cases were studied with PowerPlex21 system, and the exclusion power and mutation rate of the PowerPlex21 system were analysed. Results The cumulated chance of exclusion and the cumulated discriminating power were both more than 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999. 265 out of 1704 cases were excluded, which often showed 8-10 exclusion loci. Gene mutation was observed in 44 cases. Conclusion PowerPlex21 system was highly effective for paternity testing． Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Complex Kinship Analysis by Multi-genotyping System and IBS Score LIU Yan, ZHAO Zhen-Min, LI Li, ZHU Ru-Xin 2014(2): 61-66.  Abstract ( )   Objective To assess the efficiency of multi-genotyping system and IBS（identity by state）score for complex kinship test. Methods The eligible reference samples were screened by multi-genotyping system and IBS Score and the data was used to reconstruct a genotype of persons who were absent in the test for some kind of reasons. The probability of those alleles that could not be reconstructed for calculating likelihood ratio (LR) of kinship was assigned on principle against the hypothesis of “positive”. Results In a complex kinship test, 5 full sibs were screened out from 8 alleged full sibs as eligible reference samples to reconstruct the absent parents’ genotype which was matched with the grandparents’ of a alleged granddaughter in the test. The combined LR of grandparents and grandchild was 1483659.96. Conclusion Combined analysis of multi-genotyping system and IBS score could help to address more complex kinship tests. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of the Difference between Fingerprints of Corpse and Living Body on Level-3 Features PAN Zi-Qin, NING Shi-Qiang, ZHANG Hao-Ze 2014(2): 67-70.  Abstract ( )   Objective To identify fingerprint’s status by comparing the differences of level-3 features between fingerprints of the corpse and living body. Method VSC-5000 document examination instrument was used to amplify the fingerprints 15-30 times, and the level-3 features of those fingerprints were observed. Result There were differences between fingerprints of the corpse and living body in ridge edge features, ridge contour features and pore features. Conclusion Level-3 features can be used to identify the fingerprint’s status. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Examination of Marks on L-shaped Picklock under Borescope 2014(2): 71-75.  Abstract ( )   Objective To investigate unlocking marks on L-shaped picklock under borescopes. Method The appropriate type of borescopes was first selected through comparative study. Then the proper inspection channel was chosen based on the analysis of the lock cylinder structure. The marks on the lock cylinder were inspected under the borescope to explore a corresponding examination method. Afterwards， the unlocking marks on L-shaped picklock were studied to evaluate the feasibility of inspection under borescopes. Results The rigid borescope suits best for the unlocking mark examination. The inspection channel was chosen based on the position of the round marble. The borsescope was inserted into the lock cylinder through moving locks or under normal scopes. Conclusion 0.5 or 1.0 mm straight rigid borecopes are suitable for examination. The working channel should be at the same or similar size with the round marble. The borsecope could be inserted into the lock cylinder by moving normal locks or scopes. The established method will enable investigators to observe the unlocking marks on the spherical， cylindrical and hole slot wall of the round marble. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Progress of Latent Blood Prints Developing LI He, LUO Ya-Ping 2014(2): 76-79.  Abstract ( )    Latent blood prints often appear in malignant criminal cases and can reflect useful information relevant to the cases. To develop latent blood prints is necessary in criminal scene investigation, which is of vital significance to identification and case analysis. However, it is also the difficulty of public security work. There exist optical and chemical methods of developing latent blood prints after years of experimental researches. The development of these methods was reviewed in this paper, and their advantages and deficiencies in the forensic practice were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Admissible Range of MFDD Value Base on D'Alembert Principle WANG Jian-Jun, PAN Shao-You, CHEN Jian-Guo 2014(2): 80-82.  Abstract ( )   Why is the mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) value sometimes greater than gravitational acceleration by the vehicle decelerometer during braking performance test? Is this value in conflict with Calibration Specification for Portable Braking Performance Tester for Motor Vehicle? Can this value be applied in vehicle speed estimation? What is the effective range of MFDD value? There are controversies and different understandings upon these confused issues among forensic experts. This article discussed the road surface friction coefficient, and established a vehicle braking process dynamics model to solve the present puzzles. The admissible range of MFDD was confirmed as 0～■×g, which shows the MFDD value greater than g is possible in the braking performance test. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Elaboration to the Code of Determining Specific Kinetic Energy of Firearms Muzzle by Velocimeter in Forensic Science JIANG Jing, ZHOU Ke-Dong, XU Cheng, HE Lei, JI Jun 2014(2): 83-86.  Abstract ( )   This article explains some terms in GA/T953-2011 Code of Determining Specific Kinetic Energy of Firearms Muzzle by Velocimeter in Forensic Science implemented in 2011, including the selection of velocimeters, methods of injury force determination and calculating formula of uncertainty. It turns out that any vilocimeter which reaches the standard of testing precision could be applied in determining firearm injury force after testing the initial velocity complied with the Code. In the Code, the main method of testing injury force is velocity test, which could be carried out according to the Code and other methods as well. Calculation test is as scientific and precise as Equation test. Certainty formula concerned in the Code is calculated and deduced from the formula of general theory combined with the terms in the Code. Related Articles | Metrics