Abstract: The French forensic appraisal system takes a typical model of decentralized legislation, with its provisions dispersed across the three major procedural laws, case law and departmental norms. Since 1958, French legislators have established a relatively unified legal framework for forensic appraisal, covering four aspects: the decision-making body, the implementing body, the procedural rules, and evidentiary provisions. Special regulations of biological appraisal system has also been established to safeguard individual dignity and privacy rights. The main reasons for the choice of a decentralized legislative model include four factors: historical traditions, sectoral law structure, the pathway of rule formation, and the excessive legislation phenomenon. The forensic appraisal system constructed in France presents the following basic features: a dualistic legal system of “general + special”, multiple sources of legal norms, strong authority of judges, and detailed procedural rules. Based on this, China’s decentralized legislative model can also establish a robust forensic appraisal system; the legislative approach for forensic appraisal should shift from administrative management to procedural rules; the classification of forensic appraisal should be more detailed and comprehensive; and the biological appraisal should be subject to special regulation.

Key words:  French forensic appraisal, decentralized legislative model, legal institutional framework, biological appraisal, practical enlightenment

摘要： 法国司法鉴定制度是典型的分散立法模式，相关规定分散在三大诉讼法、判例法及部门规范中。1958年后，法国从决定主体、实施主体、程序规则及证据规则四个方面构建了相对统一的司法鉴定法律制度框架，还特别规定了生物鉴定制度，以保护个人尊严权及隐私权。法国选择分散立法模式的成因主要有四点：历史传统、部门法构架、规则生成路径及过度立法。法国司法鉴定制度的基本特点包括“一般+特殊”的二元法律制度、多元的法律规范来源、强大的法官职权主义色彩及精细的程序规则。由此，我国分散立法模式亦可构建相对完善的司法鉴定制度，司法鉴定立法思路应当从行政管理转向诉讼规范，司法鉴定分类应当更为精细全面，生物鉴定应当予以特殊规制。

关键词: 法国司法鉴定, 分散立法模式, 法律制度框架, 生物鉴定, 经验启示