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Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (3): 102-110.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.03.014 Abstract （376）      PDF（pc） （545KB）（938）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Review Principles and Keypoints of Drunk Driving Dangerous Driving Appraisal LUO Jing Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 75-80.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.010 Abstract （274）      PDF（pc） （1277KB）（585）       Knowledge map    Save  In recent years, with the increasing number of dangerous driving cases, the number of acquittals has also increased year by year. Among them, some of the acquittals were caused by the problem of expert opinion. In practice, the main body of the expert opinion is not qualified, the inspection is not standardized, the source of the sample is not legal, the report is overtime, the application of the identification standard is wrong, etc., often become the reason why the expert opinion is not adopted in the acquittal, which seriously affects the quality and efficiency of the processing of such cases. Therefore, it is particularly important to grasp the principles of review of expert opinions, and do a good job in the “penetrating” review of expert opinions from the aspects of source of samples, selection of blood collection vessels and disinfection reagents, qualification of appraisers and appraisal institutions, appraisal standards and methods, etc. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Opportunities and Challenges of Forensic Appraisal Influenced by Artificial Intelligence ZHANG Ying Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (5): 11-17.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.05.002 Abstract （271）      PDF（pc） （1177KB）（616）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of the information technology, artificial intelligence has empowered various industries. Forensic appraisal industry is not an exception, which is undergoing significant and rapid changes. To take advantages of technological characteristics of artificial intelligence fully, and apply it to forensic appraisal with a better, standardized and efficient way is a continuously-discussed topic among professional people. Firstly this article introduces basic concept and development history of artificial intelligence technology and describes its impact towards traditional forensic appraisal briefly, as well as the policy innovations and changes made by judicial authorities to face and adapt to new challenges. Secondly, an in-depth discussion about opportunities and assistance brought by artificial intelligence is proposed from multiple perspectives, including appraisal technology and auxiliary procedures, starting from the forensic appraisal in the “Four Categories”. Finally, the article analyzes issues and challenges in depth which forensic appraisal may encounter from various aspects such as application challenges and practical difficulties. A summary and prospect are put forward on the combination of artificial intelligence and forensic appraisal, with a positive attitude towards its development future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Participation of Artificial Intelligence in the Procedural Mechanism of Generating Appraisal Opinions and Its Solutions ZHANG Dong, CHEN Xiuyong Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (5): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.05.001 Abstract （197）      PDF（pc） （1299KB）（618）       Knowledge map    Save The generative artificial intelligence represented by Sora and ChatGPT has been further integrated with criminal justice, and exploring the deep participation of artificial intelligence in the field of forensic appraisal has achieved initial results, while new problems have been exposed. Traditional appraisal opinions generation model with expert and experience as the center is susceptible to cognitive bias, and algorithms and data as the center of artificial intelligence participation in the generation of appraisal opinions can effectively overcome the cognitive bias. With artificial intelligence acting as an examiner and the appraiser as a “situational manager”,  the reliability of appraisal opinions and the efficiency of forensic appraisal will be enhanced. It’s necessary to prevent the possible new problems, such as “algorithm black box” and “algorithmic bias”, in the application of generative artificial intelligence in forensic appraisal, and to prevent falling into the “new doctrine legal evidence” of the digital age. Firstly, the man-machine relationship of “the appraiser as the main body, and the machine as the auxiliary”should be established. It is necessary to clarify that the appraiser is responsible for the review and supervision of the algorithm’s participation in the generation of appraisal opinions. Secondly,  a data specification and traceability mechanism should be established to prevent the “source pollution” of the algorithmic model learning content. Finally, as to the disclosure and effective review of the algorithms, a feasible solution is to build an independent algorithm review committee and an algorithm review hearing procedure, in order to cushion the conflict between the requirement for public scrutiny of algorithms and the protection of commercial interests. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Standardized Approach to Data Security by Forensic Appraisal Institutions BAI Rongjing Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.001 Abstract （197）      PDF（pc） （1262KB）（538）       Knowledge map    Save Regulation on data utilization by forensic appraisal institutions is the foundation for forensic appraisal data security. There are data security risks in the  forensic appraisal in the “Four Categories”, and forensic appraisal institutions should adhere to a typological approach to identifying data security risks. The Cybersecurity Law, the Civil Code, the Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law have provided institutional guidance and basic requirements for data security by forensic appraisal institutions. The data security regulation by forensic appraisal institutions should improve the related legal system thereof, establish a data security involved supervision mechanism for forensic appraisal institutions, cultivate their awareness of data security, and improve the legal utilization of data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Foreign Standards and Implications for Physical Disability Assessment SHI Lei, QIU Lirong, LU Ting, TANG Xian’e, XUE Ye, FAN Fei, ZHAN Mengjun, LUO Yupeng, DENG Zhenhua Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 65-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.009 Abstract （187）      PDF（pc） （1354KB）（505）       Knowledge map    Save The standardization of forensic science in China is currently undergoing comprehensive development. One of the crucial bases for compensation in personal injury cases and a key step towards achieving a path of fairness and justice is the standardization of disability standards, which should be continuously improved in line with advances in medicine and forensic science. The current focus on refining China's disability standards emphasizes their scientific, objective, and operational aspects. Collaborations across disciplines such as medicine, psychology, and sociology contribute to a better understanding and assessment of the multifaceted nature of disabilities. Simultaneously, it is essential to place emphasis on drawing insights from international experiences to enhance the internationalization and global exchange of domestic disability assessment standards. This review analyzes disability assessment standards in North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania, exploring aspects such as applicability, characteristics, framework, and underlying principles, aiming to provide an international perspective for the development and future application of China's standards for disabilities resulting from personal injuries, offering novel insights for domestic standard enhancements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Dilemma and Reform on Forensic Appraisal in the “Other Categories” Management CHEN Zhe Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 10-20.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.002 Abstract （182）      PDF（pc） （1537KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save At present, besides the forensic appraisal in the “Four Categories” under the management of judicial administrative departments, there are still a large number of forensic appraisal in the “other categories”. The forensic appraisal in the “other categories” have many problems such as insufficient credibility, confusion in application, contradictions with existing evidence regulations, and lack of combination of appraisal management and application. The absence of superior laws, insufficient management capabilities of judicial administrative departments,institutional constraints of the courts, and limited effectiveness in industry management have all posed challenges to the unified management of judicial administrative departments. To achieve the reform goal of unified management of forensic appraisal in the “other categories”, it is necessary to unify legislation on forensic appraisal, take gradual measures to push the unification of forensic appraisal management, strengthen industry management and improve the connection between forensic appraisal management and application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of the Limited Paradigm of Expert Assistant System in Criminal Litigation：The “Cross-Examination Consultant” and Rights Protection thereof HU Zhenlong Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 81-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.011 Abstract （178）      PDF（pc） （1335KB）（390）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of diversified expansion of litigation experts,“people with expertise” stipulated in the laws are actually participating in judicial process as appraisers, case-handling auxiliaries, cross-examination consultants and quasi-judicial appraisers. Among them, the traditional criminal expert assistant based on Article 197 of the Criminal Procedure Law is and should be a cross-examination consultant with limited functions. This understanding is not only supported by the doctrine of the law, but also conforms to the trend of China’s judicial system reform, respects the characteristics of the institutional environment, and meets the needs of the construction of differentiated systems. Therefore, the further improvement of the expert assistant system should adhere to its limited paradigm, that is, with the effective exercise of the cross-examination function as the goal, to build its rights protection system from three aspects: the judge’s examination of the cross-examination consultant’s application to appear in court, the clarification of the right to appear in court, and the allocation of out-of-court rights. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Nitazenes New Psychoactive Substances and Their Testing Methods SHEN Ruidi, QIAN Zhenhua Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 21-28.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.003 Abstract （168）      PDF（pc） （2048KB）（512）       Knowledge map    Save New psychoactive substances (NPS), as the third generation of drugs after traditional drugs and synthetic drugs, are being abused globally, and have become a prominent issue of priority concern for countries around the world. Novel synthetic opioids are one of the most potentially harmful substances and have been abused increasingly, posing a serious threat to human health and public safety. As one class of novel synthetic opioids, the problem of manufacturing, smuggling and abuse of Nitazenes are becoming more and more seriously all over the world. In this paper, the basic structure, abuse and control, pharmacological and toxicological properties, metabolism and detection methods of Nitazenes were reviewed. Moreover, the development of detection technology of Nitazenes were briefly prospected, in order to provide reference for further study of Nitazenes.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Status and Problem Analysis of Accreditation of Proficiency Testing Provider in the Field of Forensic Appraisal in China HAN Chunxu, JIA Rujing, HAO Qi Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (6): 100-107.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.06.013 Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （1266KB）（413）       Knowledge map    Save The accreditation of proficiency testing provider (PTP) in China has gone through more than 20 years. Along with its development, the accreditation of PTP in the field of forensic appraisal is emerging and developing gradually, and has now become one of the accreditation of PTP. Compared with the accreditation scopes of PTP and condition of conducting proficiency testing（PT） in foreign countries, this paper sorts out the nonconformities of accreditation assessment of PTP in the field of forensic appraisal and condition of PT in China, analyzes the current status and existing issues, and puts forward suggestions for improving the accreditation of PT in the field of forensic appraisal in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Value Orientation and Ethical Problems in Forensic Psychiatry Appraisal TANG Yong Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (5): 86-92.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.05.012 Abstract （144）      PDF（pc） （1181KB）（452）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the dilemma often encountered in the practice of forensic psychiatry appraisal, this paper reviews the historical context of forensic psychiatry, sorts out and clarifies the role and responsibility of forensic psychiatrists, which is quite different from clinical psychiatrists, and makes a preliminary discussion on the value orientation and ethical principles in forensic psychiatric practice. On the premise of acknowledging the basic scientific attributes of forensic psychiatry, exploring the truth should be the first value pursuit. Besides, considering the interface of law and psychiatry, seeking both truth and goodness should be established as the overall value orientation for forensic psychiatrists. The whole process of forensic psychiatry appraisal should be checked by a specific set of ethical principles, and the optimal solution should be determined within a framework of dialectical principlism. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Prospects of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Identification in Forensic Pathology HUANG Ping Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (6): 36-43.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.06.004 Abstract （144）      PDF（pc） （1265KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional forensic pathological identification has primarily relied on methods such as on-site inspections, case analysis, autopsies, and histopathological examinations, all of which highly depend on the personal experience and subjective judgement of the examiners. After centuries of practice, this mode of identification has been the cornerstone of the forensic pathology. However, with the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence （AI） technologies, particularly the emergence of generative AI technologies, the application of AI in forensic pathology  has evolved from analyzing single-modal data to processing multimodal data. This paper aims to delve into multimodal AI technologies and their data integration strategies in forensic pathological identification, especially the potential application scenarios and developmental prospects in forensic pathological identification. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges and ethical issues that might arise with the implementation of multimodal AI technologies in forensic pathological identification practice and offers insights on how to overcome these obstacles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploration of Multimodal Information Fusion in Traffic Accident Appraisal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles FENG Hao, WU Hejian, CHEN Feng, LIU Jiaqi Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (5): 18-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.05.003 Abstract （138）      PDF（pc） （1392KB）（549）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of the intelligent and connected vehicles industry, the accident investigation of intelligent and connected vehicles has attracted general attentions of local governments and authorities in China. Firstly, from the perspective of traffic accident analysis, the paper first analyzed the multi-source heterogeneous information prevalent in intelligent and connected vehicles, in terms of the excecution standards, functions authentication, scope of models, storage location and access to typical information. Secondly, combined with the rules of investigation and evidence collection in road traffic accidents and the evidence requirements of appraisal opinions, the typical information involved in intelligent and connected vehicles accidents was analyzed for traceability and evidence effectiveness. Thirdly, according to the purpose of intelligent and connected vehicles accidents investigation and appraisal  requirements, combined with the multi-source heterogeneous characteristics of acquired information, the calibration and fusion of multi-modal information was proposed. Finally, an outlook on accident investigation and identification techniques for intelligent and connected vehicles was presented. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Uncertainty Quantification in Forensic Science: Forensic Statistics Assisting Evidence Evaluation and Analysis XU Jiaye Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 101-106.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.013 Abstract （134）      PDF（pc） （1350KB）（408）       Knowledge map    Save Uncertainty is pervasive in forensic science research, inevitable in the practice of forensic expertise, and intimately linked to the reliability of appraisal opinions. Therefore, it is imperative to use forensic statistical methods to quantify the uncertainty in forensic science so as to ensure the scientific reliability of evidence evaluation and analysis, as well as that of the results in forensic examination report. Ultimately, this will strengthen the credibility of judicial expertise. This article addresses the issue of uncertainty quantification in forensic science from the perspective of forensic statistics, categorizes the uncertainty, outlines the methods for uncertainty quantification in the procedure of evidence evaluation and analysis. Additionally, based on the concept of quantifying the likelihood ratio（LR） of the entire appraisal process, this article proposes the prerequisites and preparations for the application of the forensic statistical methods in judicial practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Identification and Utilization of Common Traffic Injuries in Forensic Appraisal of  Manner of Action in Road Traffic Accidents ZHAO Minghui, JIANG Zhenfei, LI Wei, ZHANG Peifeng Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (3): 94-101.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.03.013 Abstract （132）      PDF（pc） （1435KB）（672）       Knowledge map    Save The identification of traffic behavior patterns of individuals involved in road traffic accidents is an important part of the comprehensive identification of road traffic accident traces and physical evidence, which involves interdisciplinary knowledge. Typical traffic injuries, trace evidence, and trajectories with distinct characteristics serve as significant pieces of evidence to determine such manner of action and provide definitive opinions. In road traffic accidents, individuals suffer injuries of varying degrees from vehicle collisions. By analyzing the morphology and mechanisms of these injuries, it is possible to objectively determine the manner of action of the parties involved. Typical traffic injuries, in particular, play a critical role as evidence in these cases. This study aims to explore how to identify and utilize crucial evidence by examining and summarizing the morphology and injury mechanisms, and introduces identification practice of ten typical types of traffic injuries. The ultimate goal is to comprehensively determine manner of action of individuals involved in accidents combined with eligible conditions, and provide reference for future forensic appraisal practices in this area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Integrated Development Path of Forensic Appraisal in the Modern Chinese Public Legal Service System YANG Kai Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (6): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.06.001 Abstract （131）      PDF（pc） （1366KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Save Forensic appraisal is the scientific cornerstone for civil judicial procedures and a key link in the modern public legal service system. It plays a forward-looking role in ensuring judicial justice and improving judicial efficiency. It is deeply involved in the settlement mechanism of complex social conflicts and disputes, and strives to maintain social order and stability. Its core value lies in procedural legitimacy and conclusion appropriateness, which are closely related to the value judgment in the judicial process, reflecting the organic combination of technology and law, as well as the in-depth practice of the principle of fairness and justice. The characteristics of forensic appraisal include inclusiveness, openness, stability and guarantee. It integrates with other legal service mechanisms such as notarization, mediation, arbitration, legal aid and lawyer system to jointly promote the construction of a modern Chinese public legal service system and provide more comprehensive and efficient legal support and scientific guarantee for social governance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Research on Traffic Accidents of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles LIU Fuju, WANG Chen, CHEN Guihua, XIA Ning Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (5): 34-41.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.05.005 Abstract （130）      PDF（pc） （1329KB）（488）       Knowledge map    Save Taking high-speed rear end collision of intelligent and connected vehicles as examples, the existing requirements for recording vehicle data information were introduced in this paper, around the data information required for accident process and accident cause analysis. Based on the current status of testing and evaluation of intelligent and connected vehicles, this paper analyzed the causes of seven intelligent connected vehicles traffic accidents, including the research institutions and their capabilities on the investigation of such traffic accidents, and the disclosure of data on these seven intelligent and connected vehicles traffic accidents. With the challenges faced by multi-sensor fusion perception technology, the lack of standards for recording sensor perception data, and the scarcity of publicly available traffic accident data information in China, the idea of establishing a cross disciplinary accident research institution has been proposed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application and Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy in the Field of Forensic Document Examination WANG Xiao, LIU Lei, CHEN Pengbo, LIU Yan, HAO Hongxia Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (4): 29-39.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.04.004 Abstract （121）      PDF（pc） （1381KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save As a kind of molecular spectroscopy technology, Raman spectroscopy plays an important role in forensic document examination with the merits of quick testing and non-destructive to samples. With the development of science and technology, new techniques of Raman spectroscopy and artificial intelligence tools make it more widely used. After a brief introduction of the principle and classification of Raman spectroscopy, this paper mainly reviews the application and research progress of Raman spectroscopy in the field of forensic document examination at home and abroad in recent years, including the discrimination of inks, analysis of document formation time, identification of altered documents and inspection of special kind of documents. The authors suggested to combine Raman spectroscopy with other analytical techniques, extend testing scopes, and improve the construction of Raman spectroscopy database, to promote the development of document inspection towards a more standardized, scientific, and efficient direction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Appraisal Consultation: The Public Legal Service Function of Forensic Appraisal Institutions ZHU Rui Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (6): 25-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.06.003 Abstract （120）      PDF（pc） （1276KB）（320）       Knowledge map    Save For a long time, appraisal consultation has not received sufficient attention. As a  public good, it is characterized by non-rivalry and non-excludability, capable of generating significant social benefits. The evaluation of its social effectiveness is based on professionalism, service quality, and cost efficiency. The primary social function of appraisal consultation is to prevent and resolve disputes, thereby contributing to the reduction of aggregate social expenditures. This function is central to its role as part of public legal service. To fully bring into play the potential of appraisal consultation, it is strategically essential to ensure coordination between forensic appraisal and other public legal services, as well as alignment with litigation services, while promoting regional collaboration. From a development standpoint, this requires strong government involvement alongside efforts to invigorate market participants. At the same time, the public-private partnership （PPP） model should be actively explored and practiced to optimize the operation mechanism of the public legal service system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Cultivation Path of Forensic Appraisal Personnel under the Background of “Integration of Law and Engineering”——From the Perspective of Criminal Investigation, Criminal Science and Technology Major Development in Political Science and Law Colleges SHEN Zhenyi, DU Zhichun Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences    2024, 0 (3): 70-75.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2024.03.010 Abstract （119）      PDF（pc） （648KB）（567）       Knowledge map    Save The construction of modern public legal service system such as forensic appraisal is inseparable from the training and support of specialized talents. The Ministry of Justice’s Rules for the Registration and Review of Forensic Science Institutions for Forensic Medicine，Physical Evidence and Audio and Video Data includes criminal investigation and criminal science and technology in the relevant majors for the admission of forensic appraisal，which has injected new vitality into the transformation and development of the above-mentioned majors in political science and law colleges and universities and the optimization of talent training. In view of the cross-attribute of law and natural science and technology，forensic appraisal should not only become the new growth point of profession of criminal investigation and criminal science and technology，but also deal with the cross-integration relationship of “law” and “engineering” in the development process of the above-mentioned profession，and explore the construction of the training path for specialized talents of “integration of law and engineering” in line with the needs of the forensic science industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）